Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. g̑hasto-, g̑hazdho- 'pole, rod, gad; twig'
Semantic Field(s): Beam, Branch
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | geard | n.fem | rod, staff, stake; fagot | ASD |
| gird, gyrd, g(i)erd | n.fem | yard: twig/rod/staff as measure | ASD | |
| Middle English: | gad | n | gad, spike | W7 |
| hastelet | n | haslet | AHD | |
| yarde | n | yard | W7 | |
| English: | attelet | n | small decorative pin(s) | AHD |
| gad | n | pointed metal bar/chisel for loosening ore/rock | AHD/W7 | |
| ha(r)slet | n | edible animal heart/liver/viscera | AHD | |
| hastate | adj | arrow-shaped with flaring barbs | AHD/W7 | |
| yard | n | unit of measurement (= 3 feet) | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | gard(e)a, gerta, kirta | n | twig, rod, staff | ASD |
| gart | n | stick | W7 | |
| German: | Gerte | n.fem | twig, rod, staff | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gaddr | n | spike | W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | hasta | n.fem | spear | W7 |
| New Latin: | hastatus | adj | arrow-shaped with barbs | W7 |
| Old French: | hastelet | n | haslet | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
