Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghebh-el-, ghebh-el-, ghebh-elo- 'gable, head'
Semantic Field(s): Wall
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | gable | n | gable | W7 |
| English: | cephalic | adj | re: head | AHD/W7 |
| cephal(o)- | pfx | head | AHD | |
| -cephalous | sfx | head | AHD | |
| encephal(o)- | pfx | brain | AHD/W7 | |
| gable | n | vertical triangular end of building from cornice/eaves to ridge | AHD/W7 | |
| hydrocephalus | n | abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in head | AHD/W7 | |
| pachycephalosaur | n | herbivorous dinosaur with thick domed skull | AHD | |
| scaphocephalic | adj | boat-shaped, re: long narrow skull deformity | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | giƀilla | n.str.masc | skull, head, gable | GED/RPN |
| Middle Low German: | gevel | n.str.masc | gable | GED/RPN |
| Old High German: | gebal | n.str.masc | skull, head, gable | GED/RPN |
| gibil | n.str.masc | gable | GED/RPN | |
| gibilla | n.str.masc | skull, head, gable | GED/RPN | |
| German: | Giebel | n.masc | gable | RPN |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | gafl | n.str.masc | gable, gable-side | GED/RPN |
| Faeroese: | gavlur | n | gable | RPN |
| Norwegian: | gavl | n | gable-side | RPN |
| Swedish: | gavel | n | transverse wall, partition | RPN |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *gibla | n.masc | gable, pinnacle | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cephalicus | adj | re: head | W7 |
| Late Latin: | hydrocephalus | adj | with water in head | W7 |
| Middle French: | céphalique | adj | re: head | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Macedonian Greek: | κεβαλή | n | head, front; end, point | GED/RPN |
| Greek: | κεφαλή | n.fem | head, front, point | GED/RPN |
| kephalikos | adj | of the head | W7 | |
| hydrokephalos | adj | hydrocephalus | W7 | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | śpālmeṃ | adj | superior, excellent | RPN |
| śpālu | adj | superior, excellent | RPN | |
| Tocharian A: | śpāl- | n | skull, head | GED/RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
