Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. g̑hē- : ghə-, and g̑hēi- : g̑hī- 'to gape, yawn'
Semantic Field(s): to Gape, Yawn
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | for-gǣgan | vb.wk | to infringe, take wrong direction | GED |
| gagol, gægl, geagl | adj | excessive, unrestrained | ASD/GED | |
| gīnan | vb.str | to gape, yawn | ASD/GED | |
| ginian, geonian, gynian | vb.wk | to yawn | ASD/W7 | |
| gi(o)wian, giwan | vb.wk | to desire, demand | ASD/IEW | |
| Middle English: | gap | n | gap | W7 |
| gapen | vb | to gape | W7 | |
| gaspen | vb | to gasp | W7 | |
| gigg | n | top: spinning toy | W7 | |
| gille | n | gill | W7 | |
| whirlegigg | n | whirligig | W7 | |
| yanen | vb | to yawn | W7 | |
| English: | achene | n | small dry indehiscent single-seeded fruit | AHD/W7 |
| chasm | n | gorge, deep cleft in earth | AHD/W7 | |
| chasmogamous | adj | re: flower that opens for pollination | AHD | |
| chasmogamy | n | opening of perianth at flower maturity | AHD | |
| dehisce | vb.intrans | to split along natural line | AHD/W7 | |
| gap | n | break in wall/hedge/line of military defense | AHD/W7 | |
| gape | vb.intrans | to open mouth wide | AHD/W7 | |
| gasp | vb | to catch breath with shock/other emotion | AHD/W7 | |
| gibe, jibe | vb | to mock, deride, ridicule | IEW | |
| gig | n | light boat/carriage | IEW | |
| giggle | vb | to laugh secretly/mockingly | IEW | |
| gill | n | ravine, narrow stream/rivulet | AHD/W7 | |
| Gilrain | prop.n | Gondor river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hiatus | n | gap, break in object | AHD/W7 | |
| lammergeier | n | Europe's largest bird of prey | AHD/W7 | |
| whirligig | n | child's whirling toy | IEW/W7 | |
| yawn | vb | to gape, open wide | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | ghyll | n | gill | ICE |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | gēie | n | penance | GED |
| Old High German: | gīēn | vb.wk | to yawn | GED |
| ginēn, g(e)inōn | vb.wk | to yawn | GED | |
| German: | gaffen | vb | to gape, yawn | TLL |
| gähnen | vb | to yawn | LRC | |
| Lämmergeier | n | lammergeier | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gap | n.neut | gap, hole, chasm | LRC |
| gapa | vb | to gape, yawn | W7 | |
| geigr | n.masc | serious injury | LRC | |
| geispa | vb | to yawn | W7 | |
| gil | n.neut | gill, deep narrow glen with stream | ICE/W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | geiga | vb.wk | to take wrong direction | GED |
| geigr | n.masc | serious harm | GED | |
| gīna | vb | to gape | GED | |
| gjā | n | ravine, cleft in earth | GED | |
| Icelandic: | gīna | vb | to yawn | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dehisco, dehiscere | vb | to split open | W7 |
| hio, hiāre, hiavi, hiatus | vb | to gape, yawn, crack open | W7 | |
| hisco, hiscere | vb | to gape, open | W7 | |
| New Latin: | achaenium | n.neut | achene | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | žióju | vb | to yawn | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | zěją | vb | to yawn | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | χαίνω | vb | to yawn, gape, (crack) open | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | jéhamānas | adj | gaping, yawning | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
