Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. g̑hē- : ghə-, and g̑hēi- : g̑hī-   'to gape, yawn'

Semantic Field(s): to Gape, Yawn

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: for-gǣgan vb.wk to infringe, take wrong direction GED
gagol, gægl, geagl adj excessive, unrestrained ASD/GED
gīnan vb.str to gape, yawn ASD/GED
ginian, geonian, gynian vb.wk to yawn ASD/W7
gi(o)wian, giwan vb.wk to desire, demand ASD/IEW
Middle English: gap n gap W7
gapen vb to gape W7
gaspen vb to gasp W7
gigg n top: spinning toy W7
gille n gill W7
whirlegigg n whirligig W7
yanen vb to yawn W7
English: achene n small dry indehiscent single-seeded fruit AHD/W7
chasm n gorge, deep cleft in earth AHD/W7
chasmogamous adj re: flower that opens for pollination AHD
chasmogamy n opening of perianth at flower maturity AHD
dehisce vb.intrans to split along natural line AHD/W7
gap n break in wall/hedge/line of military defense AHD/W7
gape vb.intrans to open mouth wide AHD/W7
gasp vb to catch breath with shock/other emotion AHD/W7
gibe, jibe vb to mock, deride, ridicule IEW
gig n light boat/carriage IEW
giggle vb to laugh secretly/mockingly IEW
gill n ravine, narrow stream/rivulet AHD/W7
Gilrain prop.n Gondor river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
hiatus n gap, break in object AHD/W7
lammergeier n Europe's largest bird of prey AHD/W7
whirligig n child's whirling toy IEW/W7
yawn vb to gape, open wide AHD/W7
Scots English: ghyll n gill ICE
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: gēie n penance GED
Old High German: gīēn vb.wk to yawn GED
ginēn, g(e)inōn vb.wk to yawn GED
German: gaffen vb to gape, yawn TLL
gähnen vb to yawn LRC
Lämmergeier n lammergeier W7
North Germanic  
Old Norse: gap n.neut gap, hole, chasm LRC
gapa vb to gape, yawn W7
geigr n.masc serious injury LRC
geispa vb to yawn W7
gil n.neut gill, deep narrow glen with stream ICE/W7
Old Icelandic: geiga vb.wk to take wrong direction GED
geigr n.masc serious harm GED
gīna vb to gape GED
gjā n ravine, cleft in earth GED
Icelandic: gīna vb to yawn ASD
Italic  
Latin: dehisco, dehiscere vb to split open W7
hio, hiāre, hiavi, hiatus vb to gape, yawn, crack open W7
hisco, hiscere vb to gape, open W7
New Latin: achaenium n.neut achene W7
Baltic  
Lithuanian: žióju vb to yawn GED
Slavic  
Old Church Slavonic: zěją vb to yawn GED
Hellenic  
Greek: χαίνω vb to yawn, gape, (crack) open GED
Indic  
Sanskrit: jéhamānas adj gaping, yawning GED

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
intrans=intransitive
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
prop=proper
str=strong (inflection)
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED=Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
ICE=Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
IEW=Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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