Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. g̑hel- 'to cut?'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Welsh: | gylym | n | knife, dagger | GED/RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | gelte | n | young sow | W7 |
gielde | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED | |
gielm | n.masc | sheaf | GED | |
Middle English: | gelden | vb | to geld | W7 |
gelding | n | gelding | W7 | |
gylte | n | gilt | W7 | |
English: | geld, gelt | vb.wk.trans | to castrate | AHD/W7 |
gelding | n | castrated animal, eunuch | AHD/W7 | |
gilt | n | young female pig | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Low German: | galt | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED |
Old High German: | galt | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED |
Middle German: | gelde | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | gelda | n | gelding | W7 |
geldingr | n | gelding | W7 | |
gyltr | n | young sow | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | gelda | vb | to geld | RPN |
geldr | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED | |
Old Swedish: | galder | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | Galtis | prop.n | Galtis: city in Transylvania | GED |
gilþa | n.fem | sickle | GED/RPN | |
Italic | ||||
Rumanian: | Ungra | prop.n | village in Romania | GED |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | žúolis | n | tie, sleeper, piece of wood | GED/RPN |
Slavic | ||||
Polish: | ugor | n | fallow ground | GED |
Czech: | úhor | n | fallow place | GED |
Bulgarian: | ugarь | n | fallow place | GED |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | γάλλος | n.masc | eunuch, priest of Cybele | LRC |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | jlem | vb | to plow | GED/RPN |
joł | n | stick | GED | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | halá-ḥ | n | plow | GED/RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |