Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. g̑hel- 'to cut?'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Welsh: | gylym | n | knife, dagger | GED/RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gelte | n | young sow | W7 |
| gielde | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED | |
| gielm | n.masc | sheaf | GED | |
| Middle English: | gelden | vb | to geld | W7 |
| gelding | n | gelding | W7 | |
| gylte | n | gilt | W7 | |
| English: | geld, gelt | vb.wk.trans | to castrate | AHD/W7 |
| gelding | n | castrated animal, eunuch | AHD/W7 | |
| gilt | n | young female pig | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Low German: | galt | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED |
| Old High German: | galt | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED |
| Middle German: | gelde | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gelda | n | gelding | W7 |
| geldingr | n | gelding | W7 | |
| gyltr | n | young sow | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | gelda | vb | to geld | RPN |
| geldr | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED | |
| Old Swedish: | galder | adj | unfruitful, not producing milk | GED |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | Galtis | prop.n | Galtis: city in Transylvania | GED |
| gilþa | n.fem | sickle | GED/RPN | |
| Italic | ||||
| Rumanian: | Ungra | prop.n | village in Romania | GED |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | žúolis | n | tie, sleeper, piece of wood | GED/RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | ugor | n | fallow ground | GED |
| Czech: | úhor | n | fallow place | GED |
| Bulgarian: | ugarь | n | fallow place | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | γάλλος | n.masc | eunuch, priest of Cybele | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | jlem | vb | to plow | GED/RPN |
| joł | n | stick | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | halá-ḥ | n | plow | GED/RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
