Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. gher-, ghrē- : ghrō- : ghrə- 'to come out, jut out'
Semantic Field(s): to Stand
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | grenn | n | beard | GED/RPN |
| Breton: | grann | n | eyebrow | RPN |
| Welsh: | garth | n | hill, promontory | RPN |
| gran(n) | n | eyelid | GED/RPN | |
| Gaulish: | *grěnnos | n | hair | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | granu | n.fem | moustache | GED/RPN |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | grana | n.fem | moustache | GED |
| Middle High German: | grane | n | moustache, hair on head | RPN |
| grans | n | beak, snout; peak | RPN | |
| grāt | n | edge, ridge, mountain crest | RPN | |
| German: | Grat | n.masc | ridge | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | grǫn | n.fem | fir (tree) | KNW |
| Old Icelandic: | grǫn | n.fem | moustache | GED/RPN |
| Danish: | gran | n | fir (tree) | TLL |
| Swedish: | grån | n.dial | fir (tree) | GED/RPN |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *grana | n.fem | pigtail | GED/RPN |
| granos | n.acc.pl | pigtails | GED/RPN | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Spanish: | greñon | n | beard | GED |
| Spanish: | greña | n | beard | GED |
| Old French: | grenon | n | beard | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | grot | n | arrow-point | RPN |
| Old Church Slavonic: | granь | n | tip, edge | GED |
| Russian: | gran' | n | brink, verge, border | RPN |
| graníca | n | border | RPN | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | krande | n | straw | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | χάρμη | n | tip, spearhead | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| dial | = | dialectal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
