Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. g̑her- 'to desire, yearn for'
Semantic Field(s): to Desire
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dōm-georn | adj | lit. glory-desirous | LRC |
| giernan | vb | to yearn | W7 | |
| grǣd | n.masc | greed | GED | |
| grǣdig | adj | greedy | GED | |
| lof-georn | adj | eager for praise | LRC | |
| Middle English: | eukarist | n | Eucharist | W7 |
| exhorten | vb | to exhort | W7 | |
| gredy | adj | greedy | W7 | |
| yernen | vb | to yearn | W7 | |
| English: | catachresis | n | use of wrong word for context | AHD/W7 |
| charisma | n | extraordinary power (e.g. of healing) | AHD/W7 | |
| chresard | n | water (in soil) available to plants | AHD | |
| Eucharist | prop.n | Christian sacrament/ceremony of Holy Communion | LRC | |
| exhort | vb | to incite by advice/argument | AHD/W7 | |
| greed | n | avarice, rapacity | LRC | |
| greedy | adj | having strong desire for food/drink | AHD/W7 | |
| hortative | adj | advisory, giving exhortation | AHD/W7 | |
| yearn | vb.intrans | to feel longing/craving | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | graag | adj | hungry | GED |
| Old Saxon: | grādag | adj | greedy | GED |
| Old High German: | gerōn | vb | to desire | W7 |
| grātag | adj | greedy | GED | |
| grātida | n.fem | zeal | GED | |
| lob-gerni | adj | desirous of praise | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | grið | n.neut.pl | peace, protection | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | grāðr | n.masc | greed | GED |
| grāðugr | adj | greedy | GED | |
| Icelandic: | grāðr | n | greed, hunger | ASD |
| grāðugr | adj | greedy | ASD | |
| lof-gjarn | adj | desirous of praise | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | grēdags | adj | hungry | LRC |
| gredags | adj | hungry | GED | |
| *gredon | vb.wk.II | to hunger | GED | |
| *gredus | n.masc | hunger | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | exhortor, exhortārī | vb.dep | to exhort, encourage | W7 |
| hortor, hortāri, hortātus | vb.dep.freq | to urge, incite, encourage | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | eucharistia | n.fem | Eucharist | W7 |
| hortativus | adj | quality of a speech meant to urge | W7 | |
| Middle French: | euchariste | n.fem | Eucharist | W7 |
| exhorter | vb | to exhort | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | gardhùs | adj | tasty | GED |
| Latvian: | gar̃ds | adj | tasty | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | eucharistos | adj | grateful | W7 |
| katachrēsthai | vb | to use up, misuse | W7 | |
| katachrēsis | n.fem | misuse | W7 | |
| συγχαίρω | vb | to rejoice with | LRC | |
| χαίρω | vb | to rejoice | LRC | |
| χαρά | n.fem | joy | LRC | |
| charizesthai | vb | to favor | W7 | |
| charis | n.fem | grace, gratitude | W7 | |
| charisma | n.neut | gift, favor | W7 | |
| chrēsthai | vb | to use | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | gardhas | n | greed | GED |
| gŕ̥dhyati | vb | to desire | GED | |
| gṛdhnuṣ | adj | greedy; swift | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
