Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 5. g̑her-, g̑hor-nā 'bowels'
Semantic Field(s): Belly, Stomach
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ge(a)rn | n.neut | yarn | ASD/RPN |
| Middle English: | accord | n | chord | W7 |
| cord | n | cord | W7 | |
| yarn | n | yarn | W7 | |
| English: | chord | n | tones blending harmoniously | AHD/W7 |
| chorion | n | vascular outer embryonic vertebrate membrane | AHD/W7 | |
| cord | n | several strands of string woven/twisted together | AHD/W7 | |
| cordon | n | ornamental cord used on costumes | AHD/W7 | |
| harpsichord | n | keyboard instrument that produces sound by plucking wire strings | AHD/W7 | |
| haruspex | n | priest performing divination via entrails inspection | AHD | |
| hernia | n | rupture, protrusion of organ through body wall | AHD | |
| hexachord | n | 6-tone diatonic series with semitone between 3rd and 4th | AHD/W7 | |
| tetrachord | n | 4-tone diatonic series with perfect fourth between first and last | AHD/W7 | |
| yarn | n | continuous fiber/filament used in weaving/knitting | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | garen | n.neut | yarn, thread | ASD |
| Old High German: | garn | n.neut | yarn | ASD/W7 |
| Middle High German: | garn | n.neut | yarn | ASD |
| German: | Garn | n.neut | yarn | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | garn | n | yarn | RPN |
| görn | n | gut | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | garn | n.neut | yarn | ASD |
| Danish: | garn | n.neut | yarn | ASD |
| Swedish: | garn | n.neut | yarn | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | chorda | n.fem | string | W7 |
| harūspex | n.masc | haruspex, soothsayer who uses entrails | RPN | |
| hernia | n.fem | rupture | W7 | |
| hīra | n | empty gut | RPN | |
| New Latin: | chorion | n.neut | embryonic membrane | W7 |
| Old French: | corde | n.fem | rope, string | W7 |
| French: | corde | n.fem | rope | W7 |
| cordon | n.masc | small cord, string | W7 | |
| Italian: | arpicordo | n.masc | harpsichord | W7 |
| corda | n.fem | string | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | žarnà | n | gut, intestine | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | χορδή | n.fem | gut-string | RPN |
| chordos | adj | of strings | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | híra-ḥ | n | band, strip, fillet | RPN |
| hirā́ | n | vein, artery | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
