Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. g̑her- 'to grab, grip, seize'
Semantic Field(s): to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Irish: | car | n | turn | CDC |
cor | n | turn, music, circular motion | CDC | |
Gaelic: | car, cuir | n | turn, movement, bar of music | CDC |
Welsh: | cōr | n | choir, circle | CDC |
English | ||||
Middle English: | corteis | adj | courteous | W7 |
corteisie | n | courtesy | W7 | |
court | n | court | W7 | |
courteour | n | courtier | AHD | |
curtilage | n | curtilage | W7 | |
quer | n | choir | W7 | |
querister | n | chorister | W7 | |
English: | carol | n | old round dance with song | AHD/W7 |
choir | n | organized group of singers | AHD/W7 | |
choral | adj | re: choir/chorus | AHD/W7 | |
chorale | n | hymn/psalm sung in church | AHD/W7 | |
choric | adj | re: chorus | AHD | |
chorister | n | choir singer | AHD/W7 | |
chorus | n | group of singers/dancers in Greek drama | AHD/W7 | |
cohort | n | 1/10th of ancient Roman legion | AHD/W7 | |
cortege | n | retinue, train of attendants | AHD/W7 | |
court | n | residence/establishment of sovereign dignitary | AHD/W7 | |
courteous | adj | marked by gallantry/polished manners/ceremonial behavior | AHD/W7 | |
courtesan | n | prostitute with courtly/wealthy/upper-class clientele | AHD/W7 | |
courtesy | n | courteous behavior | AHD/W7 | |
courtier | n | attendant at royal court | AHD/W7 | |
curtilage | n | yard within fence surrounding house | AHD/W7 | |
curts(e)y | n | women's bow as gesture of respect/reverence | AHD | |
hora | n | round dance | AHD | |
horticulture | n | art/science of growing plants | AHD/W7 | |
ortolan | n | Southern European bird | AHD/W7 | |
Terpsichore | prop.n | Muse of dance/dramatic chorus (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
German: | choral | adj | choral | W7 |
Choralgesang | n | choral song | W7 | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | choraula | n.masc | choral song/accompanist | W7 |
chorus | n.masc | chorus | W7 | |
cohors, cohortis | n.fem | court, yard, enclosure; cohort | RPN | |
hortolanus | n.masc | ortolan (bird) | W7 | |
hortulus | n.masc.dim | small garden | W7 | |
hortus | n.masc | garden | RPN | |
Terpsichore | n.fem | Terpsichore, one of the nine Muses | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | choralis | adj | of a choir | W7 |
chorista | n.masc | choir singer | W7 | |
chorus | n.masc | choir | W7 | |
Old French: | corteis | n.fem | courteous | W7 |
corteisie | n.fem | courtesy | W7 | |
cortil | n.masc | courtyard | W7 | |
cortillage | n.masc | curtilage | W7 | |
cortoier | vb | to be at royal court | AHD | |
co(u)rt | n.fem | court | W7 | |
cuer | n.masc | heart | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | courteour | n | courtier | AHD |
cueristre | n.masc | chorister | W7 | |
Middle French: | cohorte | n.fem | cohort | W7 |
courtisane | adj | courtesan | W7 | |
French: | chorale | n.fem | choir | W7 |
cortège | n.masc | cortege, procession | W7 | |
cour | adj | enclosure, yard | W7 | |
ortolan | n.masc | ortolan | W7 | |
Old Italian: | corte | n.fem | court | W7 |
cortigiana | n.fem | woman courtier | W7 | |
cortigiano | n.masc | courtier | W7 | |
Italian: | corte | n.fem | court, courtyard | CID/W7 |
corteggiare | vb | to court | W7 | |
corteggio | n.masc | cortege | W7 | |
ortolano | n.masc | gardener; ortolan | W7 | |
Rumanian: | horă | n | hora | AHD |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | dorë | n | hand | RPN |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | χορός | n.masc | (round) dance, dancing place | LS |
χόρτος | n.masc | enclosure | LS/RPN | |
Greek: | Terpsichorē | n.fem | Terpsichore | W7 |
choraulēs | n.masc | choral accompanist | W7 | |
New Greek: | χορος | n | hora | AHD |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | jeṙn | n | hand | RPN |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | hárati | vb | to take, seize, carry off | RPN |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | ṣar | n | hand | RPN |
Tocharian A: | tsar | n | hand | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |