Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑héslo- 'thousand, chiliad'
Semantic Field(s): Number
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | mīl | n | mile | W7 |
| Middle English: | mile | n | mile | W7 |
| milioun | n | million | W7 | |
| English: | chiliad | n | 1000 | AHD/W7 |
| kilo- | pfx | thousand | AHD/W7 | |
| mil | n | unit of length: 1/1000 inch | AHD/W7 | |
| mile | n | unit of distance: 5,280 feet | AHD/W7 | |
| millefleur | n | background of (lit. 1000) small plants/flowers | AHD | |
| millenary | adj | re: 1000 | AHD/W7 | |
| millenary | n | 1000 units/things | AHD/W7 | |
| millepore | n | large stony hydrozoan coral | AHD/W7 | |
| millesimal | n | thousandth | AHD/W7 | |
| milli- | pfx | thousandth | AHD/W7 | |
| milliary | adj | marking Roman mile | AHD/W7 | |
| millime | n | Tunisian currency unit | AHD | |
| million | nbr.card | 1000 thousand (1,000,000) | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | mīl(l)a | n | mile | ASD/W7 |
| German: | Kilo | pfx | kilo- | LRC |
| Meile | n.fem | mile | LRC | |
| milli- | pfx | milli- | LRC | |
| Million | nbr.card | million | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | míla | n | mile | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Crimean Gothic: | hazer | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | CGo/GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | milia | n.neut.pl | miles, thousands | W7 |
| miliarius | adj | consisting of 1000; one mile long | W7 | |
| mille, milli- | nbr.card/pfx | thousand, milli- | W7 | |
| millenarius | adj | re: a thousand | W7 | |
| milleni | adv | one thousand each | W7 | |
| millesimus | adj | thousandth | W7 | |
| milliarius | adj | containing a thousand | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | chilias, chiliadis | nbr.card | chiliad | W7 |
| millenarium | n.neut | millenary | W7 | |
| millenarius | adj | of a thousand | W7 | |
| Middle French: | milion | nbr.card.masc | million | W7 |
| French: | kilo- | pfx | kilo- | W7 |
| mille-fleur(s) | n | millefleur | AHD | |
| milli- | pfx | thousand, milli- | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | milione | nbr.card.masc | million | W7 |
| mille | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | chilias | nbr.card | chiliad | W7 |
| Iranian | ||||
| Middle Persian: | hazār | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | GED |
| Persian: | hazār | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | IEW |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | sahasra | nbr.card | thousand (1000) | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| card | = | cardinal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |