Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑hesor-, g̑hesr- 'hand'
Semantic Field(s): Hand
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | cirurgian | n | chirurgeon | W7 |
| surgien | n | surgeon | W7 | |
| English: | chirurgeon | n | surgeon | AHD/W7 |
| enchiridion | n | manual, handbook | AHD/W7 | |
| imprest | vb.trans | to loan/advance (money) | AHD/W7 | |
| press | n | impressment into service | W7 | |
| press | vb | to impress, force into service | W7 | |
| prest | vb.obs | to enlist by paying in advance | W7 | |
| presto | adv | quickly, at once | AHD/W7 | |
| surgeon | n | medical specialist practicing surgery | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Chirurg | n.masc | chirurgeon | LRC |
| Chirurgie | n.fem | surgery | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | praesto, praestāre | vb | to pay/lend, provide, lit. stand before | W7 |
| praestō | adv | here, present, on hand | CLD/W7 | |
| praestus | adj | ready | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | enchiridion | n.neut | handbook | W7 |
| Old French: | cirurgie | n.fem | surgery | W7 |
| cirurgien | n.masc | surgeon | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | surgien | n.masc | surgeon | W7 |
| Italian: | imprestare | vb | to lend money | W7 |
| prèsto | adv | quickly | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | χείρ | n.fem | hand | LRC |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Cuneiform Luwian: | (i-)iš-ša-ri-iš | n | hand | RPN |
| Hieroglyphic Luwian: | istri | n.dat.sg | hand | RPN |
| Lycian: | izri- | n | hand | RPN |
| Hittite: | ki-eš-šar | n | hand | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
