Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghreib- 'to grip, grab'
Semantic Field(s): to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | grāpian, grōpian | vb.wk | to grope | ASD/W7 |
grīpan, grāp, gripon, gripen | vb.str.I | to grasp, seize | LRC | |
grippan | vb | to grip | W7 | |
Middle English: | gripen | vb | to gripe | W7 |
grippen | vb | to grip | W7 | |
gropen | vb | to grope | W7 | |
English: | Grip | prop.n | huge dog in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
grip | n | strong tenacious grasp; part/device for gripping | W7 | |
grip | vb.trans | to seize firmly | AHD/W7 | |
gripe | vb | to grip, seize | AHD/W7 | |
grippe | n | flu/influenza: acute contagious febrile viral disease | AHD/W7 | |
grope | vb | to feel about blindly/uncertainly in search | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | grīpa | vb | to grasp, seize | ASD |
Old Saxon: | grīpan | vb | to grasp, seize | ASD |
Old High German: | greifon | vb | to grope, touch | ASD |
grīfan | vb | to grasp | W7 | |
German: | greifen | vb | to grip, grasp | LRC |
Griff | n.masc | grip, handle | LRC | |
Grippe | n.fem | grippe | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | grīpa | vb | to grasp, seize | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | greipan | vb | to grasp, seize | ASD |
Italic | ||||
French: | grippe | n.fem | grippe | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | griebti | vb | to seize, snatch, hold | LD/W7 |
Latvian: | gribēt, gribu, gribēju | vb | to want | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LD | = | Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |