Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghrēi- : ghrəi- : ghrī-, and lit. ghrei- 'to smear over'
Semantic Field(s): to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | cramen | n | scab | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | āgrīsan | vb | to fear | W7 |
| crisma | n.masc | chrism | ASD/W7 | |
| Crist | prop.n | Christ | W7 | |
| cristen | n | Christian | W7 | |
| cristnian | vb | to christen | W7 | |
| grīma | n.masc | mask, visor, helmet; ghost, specter | ASD | |
| gris- | pfx | fearful | W7 | |
| grislic, gryslīc | adj | grisly | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | cre(i)me | n | cream | W7 |
| Crist | prop.n | Christ | W7 | |
| cristnen | vb | to christen | W7 | |
| grim | n | grime | AHD | |
| grisly | adj | grisly | W7 | |
| English: | chrism | n | consecrated oil used in liturgical churches for baptism/confirmation/ordination | AHD/W7 |
| Christ | prop.n | [transliterated Greek title meaning] anointed one | AHD/W7 | |
| christen | vb.trans | to baptize | AHD/W7 | |
| Christian | prop.n | adherent of Christianity | LRC | |
| cream | n | yellowish part of milk having 18-40 percent butterfat | AHD/W7 | |
| Gríma | prop.n | spy a.k.a. Wormtongue in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| grime | n | dirt/soot/smut adhering to/embedded in surface | AHD/W7 | |
| grisly | adj | gruesome, horrible | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | gryslik | adj | grisly | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | grēme | n.fem | dirt, smut | IEW |
| grīme | n | soot; mask | AHD/W7 | |
| Flemish: | grijm | n | soot; mask | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | grīma | n | mask, helmet; specter | IEW |
| Old High German: | grīsenlīh, grisenlich | adj | grisly, terrible | ASD/W7 |
| German: | grässlich | adj | grisly | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gríma | n.fem | mask; enigma; shadow of night | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | christianus | adj | Christian | W7 |
| Christus | n.masc | Christ | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | chrisma | n.neut | ointment | W7 |
| Middle French: | craime, cresme | n.fem | cream | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | chriein | vb | to anoint | W7 |
| chrisma | n.neut | ointment | W7 | |
| christianos | adj | re: adherent of Christianity | W7 | |
| Χριστός | prop.adj/n | (re:) Christ | LRC | |
| χριστός | n.masc | anointed one | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
