Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ghrem- 'to grumble; resound, thunder'
Semantic Field(s): Noise, Thunder
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gram, grom | adj | cruel, fierce; wroth, angry, inimical | ASD/GED |
| grama | n | rage, wrath, fury, anger, trouble | ASD | |
| gremian, gremman | vb.wk | to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim | GED | |
| grim(m) | adj | grim | GED/W7 | |
| grymetan, grimet(i)an | vb.wk | to grunt, rave, roar, bellow | ASD/GED | |
| Middle English: | grim | adj | grim | W7 |
| English: | Gram | prop.n | 8th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| grim | adj | fierce, angry, savage | AHD/W7 | |
| grimace | n | facial expression of disgust/disapproval | AHD/W7 | |
| Grimbeorn | prop.n | Beorn's son in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Grimbold | prop.n | Rohan marshal in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Grimslade | prop.n | Grimbold's home in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| grumble | vb | to mutter in discontent | AHD/W7 | |
| Herugrim | prop.n | Theoden's sword in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Isengrim | prop.n | hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| pogrom | n | organized devastation, massacre of helpless people | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | grim(m) | adj | grim | GED |
| Middle Dutch: | grommen | vb | to grunt | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | gram | adj | wroth, angry, inimical | GED |
| grim(m) | adj | grim | GED | |
| Old High German: | gram | adj | wroth, angry, inimical | GED |
| gramizzōn | vb | to grunt, rave, roar, bellow | GED | |
| gremezī | n | wrath, anger, annoyance | GED | |
| gremian, gremman | vb.wk | to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim | ASD/GED | |
| grim(m) | adj | grim | GED/W7 | |
| Middle High German: | gram | adj | wroth, angry | ICE |
| German: | gram | adj | wroth, angry | ASD |
| grämen | vb | to vex, provoke, irritate | ASD | |
| Grimasse | n.fem | grimace | LRC | |
| grimm | adj | grim | ASD | |
| Yiddish: | pogrom | n | pogrom | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gramr | n.masc | king, warrior | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | gramir | n.pl | fiends, demons | ICE |
| gramr | adj | wroth, angry, inimical | GED | |
| gremja | vb | to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim | GED | |
| grimmr | adj | grim | GED | |
| Icelandic: | gramr | adj | wroth, angry | ASD |
| gremja | vb | to vex, provoke, irritate | ASD | |
| grimmr | adj | grim | ASD | |
| gröm | n.pl | fiends, demons | ASD | |
| Danish: | gram | adj | wroth, angry | ICE |
| grum | adj | grim, cruel | GED | |
| Old Swedish: | græmia | vb | to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim | GED |
| Swedish: | grym | adj | grim, cruel | GED |
| grymta | vb | to grunt | GED | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *gramjan | vb.wk.I | to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim | GED |
| *in-gramjan | vb.wk.I | to vex, provoke, irritate, make grim | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle French: | grimace | n.fem | grimace | W7 |
| grommeler | vb | to grunt | W7 | |
| French: | grimace | n.fem | grimace, wry face | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | grumins | n | thunder | GED |
| Lithuanian: | gramėti | vb | to fall with a crash | GED |
| Latvian: | gremst | vb | to threaten | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | gromъ | n | thunder | GED |
| -grьměti | n | thunder | GED | |
| Russian: | pogrom | n | devastation | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | chromados | n.masc | action of gnashing | W7 |
| χρόμος | n | noise, neighing | GED | |
| Iranian | ||||
| New Persian: | γaram | n | anger | GED |
| Avestan: | granta- | vb.past.ptc | angered | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
