Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghren- 'to grind, rub, stroke hard'
Semantic Field(s): to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | grindan, gryndan | vb.str | to grind | ASD/W7 |
| grīst | n | grist | W7 | |
| grund | n.masc | ground, (surface of) earth | LRC | |
| Middle English: | grinden | vb | to grind | W7 |
| grist | n | grist | W7 | |
| ground | n | ground | W7 | |
| refreynen | vb | to refrain | W7 | |
| English: | chondr(o)- | pfx | cartilage | AHD |
| chondromalacia | n | abnormal softening/degeneration of joint cartilage | AHD | |
| fraise | n | obstacle of pointed stakes in rampart | AHD/W7 | |
| frenulum | n | small connective membrane fold | AHD | |
| frenum | n | connective membrane fold serving to support/restrain | AHD/W7 | |
| grind, ground | vb.str | to reduce to powder via friction | AHD/W7 | |
| grist | n | grain for grinding | AHD/W7 | |
| ground | n | bottom (of water body) | W7 | |
| hypochondria | n | depression of mind/spirits caused by imaginary physical ailment | AHD/W7 | |
| mitochondrion | n | chondriosome: body found in cells | AHD/W7 | |
| refrain | vb | to curb, restrain | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | grund | n | ground | ASD |
| Dutch: | grintzand | n | gravel | GED |
| Old Saxon: | grund | n | ground | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | grint | n.str.masc | scab | GED |
| Old High German: | grint | n.str.masc | scab | GED |
| grunt | n.str.masc | ground | GED | |
| German: | Grund | n.masc | ground | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | grund | n.fem | ground; field, (surface of) earth | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | grandi | n.masc | sandbank in water | GED |
| grunn | n.neut | shallow place | GED | |
| grunn(r) | n.masc | ground | GED | |
| grunnr | adj | shallow | GED | |
| Icelandic: | grunnr | n | ground | ASD |
| Danish: | grund | n | ground, basis | TLL |
| Swedish: | grand | n | sand; scab | GED |
| grund | n | ground, basis | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | afgrundiþa | n | abyss | ASD |
| *grinda-fraþjis | adj | faint-hearted | GED | |
| grundu-waddjus | n.masc | foundation | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | firmus | adj | firm, solid | W7 |
| frendo, frendere | vb | to grind, crush | W7 | |
| frenum | n.neut | bit, reins, bridle; curb, restraint | W7 | |
| refringo, refringere | vb | to check, destroy, break up | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | hypochondria | n.fem | upper abdomen | W7 |
| New Latin: | hypochondria | n.fem | excessive fear of disease | W7 |
| mitochondrion | n.neut | mitochondrion | W7 | |
| Middle French: | refraindre | vb | to resound, restrain | W7 |
| French: | fraise | n | fraise; wattle; countersink | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | grándau | vb | to rub, scrape | GED |
| gréndžiu | vb | to rub, scrape | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ξηραίνω | vb | to dry up | LRC |
| hypochondria | n.fem | parts under cartilage (of breastbone) | W7 | |
| χόνδρος | n.masc | grain, groat(s); cartilage | GED | |
| χραίνω | vb | to smear, paint | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
