Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. gu̯el-, gu̯el-, gu̯lā- 'acorn, valonia; oak?'
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| English: | gland | n | (group of) cells selectively processing materials in blood | AHD/W7 |
| glanders | n | contagious/destructive bacterial disease (of horses) | AHD/W7 | |
| glandular | adj | re: gland | AHD | |
| glans | n | conical vascular body forming extremity of penis | AHD/W7 | |
| myrobalan | n | dried astringent East Indian fruit | AHD/W7 | |
| valonia | n | dried acorn cups from Eurasian evergreen oak | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | glandula | n.fem | gland | W7 |
| glans, glandis | n.fem | acorn | W7 | |
| myrobalanus | n.masc | aromatic acorn | W7 | |
| Old French: | glande | n.fem | glandular swelling on neck | W7 |
| Middle French: | glandre | n.fem | glandular swelling on neck | W7 |
| mirobolant | adj | extraordinary | W7 | |
| French: | glande | n.fem | gland | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | balanos | n.fem | acorn | W7 |
| myrobalanos | n.masc | aromatic acorn | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
