Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. gu̯er-, gu̯erə-, gu̯erəu-, gu̯erī- 'grave, heavy'
Semantic Field(s): Heavy, Weighty
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | bair | adj | heavy | RPN |
| bráu, bró | n | mill | RPN | |
| Breton: | breo | n | mill | RPN |
| Cornish: | brou | n | mill | RPN |
| Old Welsh: | breuan | n | mill | RPN |
| Welsh: | bryw | adj/n | strong/strength | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cweorn | n.fem | quern, (hand)mill | GED/RPN |
| Middle English: | agreven | vb | to aggrieve | W7 |
| brigaunt | n | brigand | W7 | |
| brute | adj | brute | W7 | |
| gref | n | grief | W7 | |
| greven | vb | to grieve | W7 | |
| quern | n | quern | W7 | |
| English: | aggravate | vb.trans | to burden, make heavy | AHD/W7 |
| aggrieve | vb.trans | to distress, give pain/trouble to | AHD/W7 | |
| -bar | sfx | re: weight/pressure | AHD/W7 | |
| bar | n | unit of (barometric) pressure | AHD/W7 | |
| barite | n | barium sulfate (mineral) | AHD/W7 | |
| baritone | n | male singing voice between bass and tenor | AHD/W7 | |
| barium | n | silver-white malleable metallic element | AHD/W7 | |
| bar(o)- | pfx | weight | AHD/W7 | |
| barycenter | n | center of mass | AHD | |
| baryon | n | subatomic particle containing 3 quarks | AHD | |
| barysphere | n | earth's core | AHD | |
| baryta | n | barium compound | AHD/W7 | |
| blitzkrieg | n | lit. lightning war(fare) | AHD/W7 | |
| brig | n | brigantine | AHD | |
| brigade | n | large body of troops | AHD/W7 | |
| brigand | n | thief, robber, bandit, plunderer | AHD/W7 | |
| brigantine | n | two-masted square-rigged ship | AHD/W7 | |
| brio | n | vigor, vivacity | AHD | |
| brut | adj | having less than 1.5% sugar | AHD/W7 | |
| brute | adj/n | (re:) beast | AHD/W7 | |
| brutish | adj | crude, beastly, re: animal | AHD | |
| centrobaric | adj | re: center of gravity | AHD | |
| charivari | n | shivaree | AHD/W7 | |
| grave | adj | weighty, authoritative | AHD/W7 | |
| gravid | adj | pregnant | AHD/W7 | |
| gravimeter | n | device for determining specific gravity | AHD/W7 | |
| gravitate | vb | to move via gravitation | AHD/W7 | |
| gravitation | n | mutual attraction via mass | LRC | |
| gravity | n | dignity/sobriety of bearing | AHD/W7 | |
| grief | n | grievance | AHD/W7 | |
| grieve | vb | to distress, cause to suffer | AHD/W7 | |
| guru | n | personal religious teacher, spiritual guide (Hinduism) | AHD/W7 | |
| isallobar | n | map/chart line depicting equal changes in barometric pressure | AHD/W7 | |
| isobar | n | map/chart line depicting places with equal barometric pressure | AHD/W7 | |
| quern | n | primitive grain-grinding hand mill | AHD/W7 | |
| sitzkrieg | n | static/nonaggressive warfare | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | quern | n.fem | quern, millstone | GED |
| Old Saxon: | quern | n.fem | quern, millstone | GED/RPN |
| Old High German: | quirn, churn | n.fem | quern, millstone | GED |
| quirna, chwirna | n.fem | quern, millstone | GED | |
| German: | Bar | n.neut | bar | W7 |
| Blitzkrieg | n.masc | lightning war(fare) | W7 | |
| Brigade | n.fem | brigade | LRC | |
| Krieg | n.masc | war(fare) | W7 | |
| Querne | n.fem | quern | LRC | |
| Sitzkrieg | n.masc | static/nonaggressive warfare | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kyrr | adj | quiet | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | kvern | n.fem | quern, millstone | GED/RPN |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | (asilu-)qairnus | n | (donkey-)mill | RPN |
| kaurjan | vb.wk | to oppress, be a burden | GED | |
| kaurjos | adj.fem.pl | heavy | GED/W7 | |
| kaurus | adj | heavy, weighty, oppressive | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | aggravō, aggravāre, aggravāvī, aggravātus | vb | to make heavier | W7 |
| brūtus | adj | heavy; dull, stupid, brutish | AHD/W7 | |
| gravidus | adj | pregnant | W7 | |
| gravis, gravis, grave | adj | grave, heavy, serious | LRC | |
| gravitas, gravitatis | n.fem | gravity, seriousness | W7 | |
| gravō, gravāre | vb | to burden | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | grevis | adj | heavy, serious | W7 |
| Late Latin: | caribaria | n.fem | headache | W7 |
| New Latin: | baryta | n.fem | barium compound | W7 |
| Spanish: | brio | n | brio | AHD |
| Old French: | agrever | vb | to aggrieve | AHD |
| gref | adj | grave, heavy | W7 | |
| grever | vb | to grieve, torment, weigh down | W7 | |
| Middle French: | agrever | vb | to aggrieve, make sad | W7 |
| brigand | n.masc | brigand | W7 | |
| brigantin | n.masc | brigantine | W7 | |
| brut | adj | rough | W7 | |
| grave | adj | heavy, serious | W7 | |
| gravité | n.fem | gravity | W7 | |
| French: | baryton | n.masc | baritone | W7 |
| brigade | n.fem | patrol, brigade | W7 | |
| brut | adj | brut; brutish | W7 | |
| charivari | n.masc | imbroglio, confused situation | W7 | |
| gravi- | pfx | weight | W7 | |
| gravimètre | n.masc | gravimeter | W7 | |
| Provençal: | briu | n | brio | AHD |
| Old Italian: | briga | n | strife | AHD |
| brigante | n.masc | skirmisher | AHD | |
| brigantino | n.masc | brigantine, skirmishing ship | AHD/W7 | |
| brigare | vb | to fight | W7 | |
| Italian: | baritono | n.masc | baritone | W7 |
| brigare | vb | to intrigue, solicit, canvass for | CID/W7 | |
| brigata | n.fem | company, party of friends | CID/W7 | |
| brio | n | brio | AHD | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | gìrna | n | millstone | RPN |
| Latvian: | dzir̃navas | n | mill | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | žrъnovъ | n | millstone | RPN |
| žrъny | n | mill | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | βαρύς | adj | heavy, weighty, grievous | RPN |
| Greek: | βάρος | n.neut | weight | LS |
| βᾰρύτης | n.fem | weight, heaviness | LS | |
| βᾰρύ-τονος | adj | deep-sounding | LS | |
| karēbaria | n.fem | headache | W7 | |
| ὕβρις | n.neut | violence | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | erkan | n | millstone | RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | gouru- | n | viscous libation | RPN |
| Kashmiri: | goru | adj | dense, solid | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | garimán- | n | weight, heaviness | RPN |
| gárīyas | adj.comp | heavier | RPN | |
| gurú-ḥ | adj | heavy, weighty; venerable | RPN | |
| grā́van- | n | stone for pressing Soma | RPN | |
| Hindi: | gurū | adj | heavy; venerable | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | kärweñäṣṣe | adj | stony | RPN |
| kärweñe | n | stone, rock | RPN | |
| krāmär | n | weight, heaviness | RPN | |
| kramartse | adj | heavy | RPN | |
| Tocharian A: | krāmärts | adj | heavy | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| comp | = | comparative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |