Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. gu̯er-, gu̯erə- 'to swallow; craw, gorge, throat'
Semantic Field(s): Throat
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | crawa | n | craw | W7 |
Middle English: | crawe | n | craw | W7 |
devouren | vb | to devour | W7 | |
garget | n | throat | W7 | |
gorge | n | gorge | W7 | |
gorget | n | gorget | AHD | |
English: | ambrosia | n | food/unguent of gods (Greek/Roman mythology) | AHD/W7 |
ambrosial | adj | immortal, re: ambrosia | W7 | |
bronchial | adj | re: bronchi | W7 | |
bronchiectasis | n | chronic dilation of bronchial tubes | AHD | |
bronch(o)- | pfx | bronchus, bronchial | AHD | |
bronchus, bronchi | n | primary division of trachea leading to lungs | AHD/W7 | |
carnivore | n | flesh-eating animal | W7 | |
craw | n | crop of bird/insect | AHD/W7 | |
devour | vb.trans | to eat greedily/ravenously | AHD/W7 | |
garget | n | mastitis of domestic animals | AHD/W7 | |
gorge | n | throat | AHD/W7 | |
gorget | n | armor/collar covering throat/shoulders | AHD | |
gurgitation | n | swallowing | AHD | |
hellebore | n | herb of crowfoot family | AHD/W7 | |
herbivore | n | plant-eating animal | W7 | |
hryvnia | n | Ukraine currency unit | AHD | |
ingurgitate | vb.trans | to guzzle, swallow greedily/in large quantity | AHD/W7 | |
insectivore | n | insect-eating plant/animal | LRC | |
locavore | n | one who prefers locally grown food | LRC | |
omnivore | n | flesh- and plant-eating animal | LRC | |
regurgitate | vb | to be thrown/poured back | AHD/W7 | |
scrag | n | scrawny/rawboned person/animal | AHD/W7 | |
theobromine | n | bitter, weakly basic compound related to caffeine | AHD/W7 | |
voracious | adj | ravenous, having huge appetie | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | craaghe | n | neck, gorge | AHD |
Old High German: | querdar | n | bait | W7 |
German: | Köder | n.masc | bait | LRC |
Kragen | n.masc | neck, collar | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Swedish: | krage | n | collar | SAO |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | ambrosia | n.fem | ambrosia | AHD/CLD |
ambrosius, ambrosia, ambrosium | adj | divine, ambrosial | CLD | |
devoro, devorare | vb | to devour | W7 | |
gurges, gurgitis | n.masc | throat, whirlpool | W7 | |
helleborus | n.masc | hellebore | W7 | |
ingurgito, ingurgitare, ingurgitavi, ingurgitatus | vb | to pour in, swallow like a glutton | W7 | |
vorax, voracis | adj | voracious, devouring | W7 | |
voro, vorāre | vb | to devour | W7 | |
Late Latin: | gurga | n.fem | throat, whirlpool | W7 |
gurgito, gurgitāre | vb | to engulf | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | regurgito, regurgitare, regurgitavi, regurgitatus | vb | to regurgitate | W7 |
New Latin: | bronchus | n.masc | bronchus | W7 |
Theobroma | n.fem | genus of trees | W7 | |
Old French: | gorge | n | gorge | AHD |
gorgete | n.dim | gorget, little gorge | AHD | |
Middle French: | devourer | vb | to devour | W7 |
gargate | n.masc | throat | W7 | |
gargouiller | vb | to gargle | W7 | |
gorge | n.fem | throat | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | gėris | n.masc | goodness | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Russian: | griva | n | mane | AHD |
Ukrainian: | hryvnia | n | hryvnia | AHD |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ἀμβροσίη | adj/n | ambrosia | LRC |
ἀμβρόσιος | adj/n | divine, ambrosial | LRC | |
Greek: | ἄμβροτος | adj | divine, ambrosial, immortalizing | AHD |
bibrōskein | vb | to devour | W7 | |
bronchos | n.masc | trachea | W7 | |
brōma | n.neut | food | W7 | |
helleboros | n.masc | plant thought to remedy madness | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |