Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gu̯her- 'warm, hot'
Semantic Field(s): Hot, Warm
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | fogeir | vb | to heat, warm up | LRC |
| Middle Irish: | gert | n | milk | W7 |
| Breton: | gred | n | warmth | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gearu | adj | prepared | LRC |
| gor | n.neut | gore, dirt, filth, dung, excrement | ASD/IEW | |
| wearm | adj | warm | LRC | |
| Middle English: | furnas | n | furnace | W7 |
| gore | n | gore, filth | W7 | |
| warm | adj | warm | LRC | |
| English: | forceps | n | instrument for grasping/holding/exerting traction | AHD/W7 |
| forcipate | adj | forked, shaped like forceps/pincers | AHD | |
| furnace | n | enclosed structure for producing heat | AHD/W7 | |
| German | prop.n | language/inhabitant of Germany | W7 | |
| Germanic | prop.adj | re: German/Germany | W7 | |
| Germany | prop.n | central European country | W7 | |
| ghee | n | semifluid clarified butter | AHD/W7 | |
| Gorbag | prop.n | orc in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| gore | n | (clotted) blood | W7 | |
| gorgûn | n.pl | term for orcs in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hornito | n | low volcanic mound | AHD | |
| -therm | n.sfx | animal having (specified) body temperature | AHD/W7 | |
| therm | n | unit of heat quantity | AHD/W7 | |
| -thermy | n.sfx | state of heat | AHD/W7 | |
| warm | adj | moderately heated | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | garo | adj | ready | LRC |
| gor | n | gore, dirt, filth, dung, excrement | ASD | |
| warm | adj | warm | LRC | |
| German: | gar | adj | done, cooked | LRC |
| germanisch | adj | Germanic | LRC | |
| warm | adj | warm | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | varmr | adj | warm | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | gera | adj | ready, prepared | LRC |
| Icelandic: | gor | n | gore, dirt, filth, dung, excrement | ASD |
| Swedish: | varm | adj | warm | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | warmjan | vb | to warm | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | forceps | n.masc | tongs, pliers, pincers, forceps | W7 |
| formus | adj | hot, warm | W7 | |
| fornax, fornacis | n.fem | furnace, fireplace, oven | W7 | |
| Germanus, Germana, Germanum | adj | re: Germans | LRC | |
| New Latin: | -thermia | sfx | -thermy, heat | W7 |
| Spanish: | hornito | n.dim | little oven | AHD |
| horno | n | oven | AHD | |
| Old French: | fornaise | n.fem | furnace, fireplace | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | goro | n | hearth | LRC |
| Lithuanian: | gãras | n.masc | steam | LRC |
| vìrti | vb | to cook, boil | LRC | |
| Latvian: | garš | n.masc | steam; spirit | LRC |
| virt | vb | to cook, boil | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | garniec | n | pot | LRC |
| Czech: | horký | adj | warm | LRC |
| Serbo-Croatian: | bitter | n | hearth | LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic: | goritъ | vb | to burn | LRC |
| Russian: | gorn | n | hearth | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Gheg: | zjarm | adj | warm | IEW |
| Tosk: | zjarr | n | fire, heat | IEW |
| zjarrtë | adj | fiery, passionate | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | θερμός | adj | hot, warm | LRC |
| θέρος | n | summer, warm season | LRC | |
| θέρω | vb | to warm, be warm | LRC | |
| Greek: | thermē | n.fem | heat | W7 |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | war-(nu-) | vb | to burn, set afire | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | jerm | vb | to heat | LRC |
| ǰer | n | warmth | LRC | |
| varim | vb | to burn | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | garəmo | adj | warm | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | gharmá- | n | hot coals | LRC |
| ghṛta | n | milk, clarified butter | W7 | |
| háras | adj | glowing | LRC | |
| Hindi: | ghī | n | clarified butter | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian A: | śärme | adj | warm | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
