Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. i̯eu-, i̯eu̯ə-, i̯eu-g- 'to yoke, join, tie together'
Semantic Field(s): Yoke, to Join, Unite
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Welsh: | iau | n | yoke | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | geoc, (g)ioc, geoht, gōc | n.neut | yoke | ASD/W7 |
Middle English: | adjoinen | vb | to adjoin | W7 |
aiden | vb | to aid | AHD | |
conjoinen | vb | to conjoin | W7 | |
conjugat | vb.ptc | joined, combined, united | W7 | |
conjunct | vb.ptc | joined, combined, united | W7 | |
enjoinen | vb | to enjoin | W7 | |
eyden | vb | to aid, help | W7 | |
joinen | vb | to join | W7 | |
joint(e) | n | joint | W7 | |
jousten | vb | to joust | W7 | |
rejoinen | vb | to rejoin | W7 | |
rejoiner | n | rejoinder | W7 | |
subjugaten | vb | to subjugate | W7 | |
yok | n | yoke | W7 | |
English: | adjoin | vb | to add/attach by joining | AHD/W7 |
adjust | vb | to bring to more satisfactory state | AHD/W7 | |
adjutant | n | aide, staff officer | AHD | |
adjuvant | adj | serving to aid/contribute | AHD/W7 | |
aid | vb | to help, assist | AHD/W7 | |
aide | n | assistant, aide-de-camp | W7 | |
aide-de-camp | n | camp assistant | W7 | |
azygous | adj | single, not one of pair | AHD/W7 | |
conjoin | vb | to join together for common purpose | AHD/W7 | |
conjugal | adj | re: marriage/married state/matrimonial relations | AHD/W7 | |
conjugate | adj | coupled, joined together as pair(s) | AHD/W7 | |
conjunct | adj | united, joined | AHD/W7 | |
enjoin | vb.trans | to direct/impose by authoritative order | AHD/W7 | |
injunction | n | admonition, order, act/instance of enjoining | AHD/W7 | |
join | vb | to put/bring together to form unit | AHD/W7 | |
joinder | n | conjunction | AHD/W7 | |
joint | adj | combined, united | AHD/W7 | |
joint | n | point of contact between parts of animal skeleton | AHD/W7 | |
joust | vb.intrans | to fight on horseback | AHD/W7 | |
jugate | adj | paired | AHD/W7 | |
jugular | adj | re: throat/neck | AHD/W7 | |
jugum | n | pair of opposite leaflets of pinnate leaf | AHD/W7 | |
junction | n | act/state of joining/being joined | AHD/W7 | |
junta | n | council/committee for political/governmental purposes | AHD/W7 | |
rejoin | vb | to answer replication of plaintiff | AHD/W7 | |
rejoinder | n | defendant's answer to plaintiff's replication | AHD/W7 | |
subjoin | vb.trans | to append, annex | AHD/W7 | |
subjugate | vb.trans | to master, force to submit | AHD/W7 | |
syzygy | n | nearly straight-line configuration among 3 orbiting celestial bodies | AHD/W7 | |
yoga | n | Hindu theistic philosophy re: suppression of body/mind activity | AHD/W7 | |
yoke | n | wooden bar/frame by which draft animals are joined to work together | AHD/W7 | |
yoke | vb | to join via yoke | W7 | |
zeugma | n | use of word to modify/govern two/more words, applying distinctively to each | AHD/W7 | |
zygoma | n | zygomatic arch | AHD/W7 | |
zygote | n | cell formed by union of 2 gametes | AHD/W7 | |
-zygous | adj | having zygotic constitution | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | jo(c)h | n | yoke | W7 |
German: | Joch | n.neut | yoke | ASD |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | ok | n | yoke | LRC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | (ga-)juk | n | yoke, pair | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | adjungo, adjungere | vb | to fasten, harness | W7 |
adjuto, adjutāre | vb | to assist zealously | W7 | |
adjuvo, adjuvāre | vb | to help, assist | W7 | |
conjugalis | adj | of marriage | W7 | |
conjugō, conjugāre, conjugāvī, conjugātus | vb | to join, unite | W7 | |
conjungo, conjungere, conjunxi, conjunctus | vb | to join, connect, fasten together | W7 | |
conjunx, conjugis | n.masc/fem | spouse | W7 | |
injungo, injungere, injunxi, injunctus | vb | to join, attach to | W7 | |
iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum | vb | to assist, help | LRC | |
iuxtā | adv/prep | near | LRC | |
jugo, jugare | vb | to join | W7 | |
jugulum | n.neut | collarbone, throat | W7 | |
jugum | n.neut | yoke | W7 | |
junctio, iunctionis | n.fem | act/result of joining | W7 | |
jungo, jungere, junxi, junctus | vb | to yoke, join together | W7 | |
juvo, juvare | vb | to help | W7 | |
subjugo, subjugare, subjugavi, subjugatus | vb | to bring under yoke | W7 | |
subjungo, subjungere | vb | to join beneath, subordinate, add | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | juxto, juxtāre | vb | to put/be near | W7 |
Late Latin: | injunctio, injunctionis | n.fem | injunction | W7 |
jugularis | adj | jugular | W7 | |
syzygia | n.fem | conjunction | W7 | |
New Latin: | jugum | n.neut | yoke | W7 |
zygoma, zygomatos | n.fem | zygomatic arch/bone | W7 | |
Spanish: | junta | n.fem | committee, association | Sal/W7 |
junto | adj/vb.ptc | joined | W7 | |
Old French: | aider | vb | to aid | AHD |
ajoindre | vb | to adjoin | AHD | |
ajoster | vb | to adjust | AHD | |
enjoindre | vb | to enjoin | W7 | |
joindre | vb | to join | W7 | |
jointe | n.fem | action of joining | W7 | |
juster | vb | to put/be near | W7 | |
Middle French: | adjoindre | vb | to adjoin | W7 |
aider | vb | to help | W7 | |
conjoindre | vb | to join | W7 | |
conjugal | adj | relative to marriage | W7 | |
injonction | n.fem | injunction | W7 | |
joindre | vb | to join | W7 | |
joint | n.masc | joint, articulation | W7 | |
rejoindre | vb | to rejoin | W7 | |
subjoindre | vb | to subjoin | W7 | |
French: | adjuvant | n.masc | adjuvant, sidekick | W7 |
ajuster | vb | to adjust | W7 | |
joindre | vb | to join | W7 | |
jusque | adv | until, up to | TLL | |
juste | adj | just, exact | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | jùngas | n | yoke | LRC |
jùngti, jùngia, jùngė | vb | to join, unite | LRC | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | igo | n | yoke | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ζεῦγος | n.pl | (yoked) pair | LRC |
ζυγόν | n.neut | yoke | LRC | |
Greek: | azygos | adj | unmarried | W7 |
zeugma | n.neut | joining | W7 | |
zeugnynai | vb | to yoke, join | W7 | |
-zygos | sfx | yoked, with an egg | W7 | |
zygoun | vb | to join | W7 | |
zygōma | n.neut | zygoma | W7 | |
zygōtos | adj | yoked | W7 | |
syzygia | n.fem | syzygy, state of being yoked together | W7 | |
syzygos | adj | yoked together | W7 | |
ὑποζύγιον | n.neut | pack animal | LRC | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | iukan, yugan | n | yoke | LRC |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | luc | n | yoke | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | yugá(m) | n | yoke, pair | LRC |
yunakti | vb | to yoke | W7 | |
yoga | n | Hindu theistic philosophy re: suppression of body/mind activity | W7 | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian A: | yokäm | n | yoke | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prep | = | preposition |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
Sal | = | Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |