Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. i̯eu-, i̯eu̯ə-, i̯eu-g- 'to yoke, join, tie together'
Semantic Field(s): Yoke, to Join, Unite
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | iau | n | yoke | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | geoc, (g)ioc, geoht, gōc | n.neut | yoke | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | adjoinen | vb | to adjoin | W7 |
| aiden | vb | to aid | AHD | |
| conjoinen | vb | to conjoin | W7 | |
| conjugat | vb.ptc | joined, combined, united | W7 | |
| conjunct | vb.ptc | joined, combined, united | W7 | |
| enjoinen | vb | to enjoin | W7 | |
| eyden | vb | to aid, help | W7 | |
| joinen | vb | to join | W7 | |
| joint(e) | n | joint | W7 | |
| jousten | vb | to joust | W7 | |
| rejoinen | vb | to rejoin | W7 | |
| rejoiner | n | rejoinder | W7 | |
| subjugaten | vb | to subjugate | W7 | |
| yok | n | yoke | W7 | |
| English: | adjoin | vb | to add/attach by joining | AHD/W7 |
| adjust | vb | to bring to more satisfactory state | AHD/W7 | |
| adjutant | n | aide, staff officer | AHD | |
| adjuvant | adj | serving to aid/contribute | AHD/W7 | |
| aid | vb | to help, assist | AHD/W7 | |
| aide | n | assistant, aide-de-camp | W7 | |
| aide-de-camp | n | camp assistant | W7 | |
| azygous | adj | single, not one of pair | AHD/W7 | |
| conjoin | vb | to join together for common purpose | AHD/W7 | |
| conjugal | adj | re: marriage/married state/matrimonial relations | AHD/W7 | |
| conjugate | adj | coupled, joined together as pair(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| conjunct | adj | united, joined | AHD/W7 | |
| enjoin | vb.trans | to direct/impose by authoritative order | AHD/W7 | |
| injunction | n | admonition, order, act/instance of enjoining | AHD/W7 | |
| join | vb | to put/bring together to form unit | AHD/W7 | |
| joinder | n | conjunction | AHD/W7 | |
| joint | adj | combined, united | AHD/W7 | |
| joint | n | point of contact between parts of animal skeleton | AHD/W7 | |
| joust | vb.intrans | to fight on horseback | AHD/W7 | |
| jugate | adj | paired | AHD/W7 | |
| jugular | adj | re: throat/neck | AHD/W7 | |
| jugum | n | pair of opposite leaflets of pinnate leaf | AHD/W7 | |
| junction | n | act/state of joining/being joined | AHD/W7 | |
| junta | n | council/committee for political/governmental purposes | AHD/W7 | |
| rejoin | vb | to answer replication of plaintiff | AHD/W7 | |
| rejoinder | n | defendant's answer to plaintiff's replication | AHD/W7 | |
| subjoin | vb.trans | to append, annex | AHD/W7 | |
| subjugate | vb.trans | to master, force to submit | AHD/W7 | |
| syzygy | n | nearly straight-line configuration among 3 orbiting celestial bodies | AHD/W7 | |
| yoga | n | Hindu theistic philosophy re: suppression of body/mind activity | AHD/W7 | |
| yoke | n | wooden bar/frame by which draft animals are joined to work together | AHD/W7 | |
| yoke | vb | to join via yoke | W7 | |
| zeugma | n | use of word to modify/govern two/more words, applying distinctively to each | AHD/W7 | |
| zygoma | n | zygomatic arch | AHD/W7 | |
| zygote | n | cell formed by union of 2 gametes | AHD/W7 | |
| -zygous | adj | having zygotic constitution | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | jo(c)h | n | yoke | W7 |
| German: | Joch | n.neut | yoke | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | ok | n | yoke | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | (ga-)juk | n | yoke, pair | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | adjungo, adjungere | vb | to fasten, harness | W7 |
| adjuto, adjutāre | vb | to assist zealously | W7 | |
| adjuvo, adjuvāre | vb | to help, assist | W7 | |
| conjugalis | adj | of marriage | W7 | |
| conjugō, conjugāre, conjugāvī, conjugātus | vb | to join, unite | W7 | |
| conjungo, conjungere, conjunxi, conjunctus | vb | to join, connect, fasten together | W7 | |
| conjunx, conjugis | n.masc/fem | spouse | W7 | |
| injungo, injungere, injunxi, injunctus | vb | to join, attach to | W7 | |
| iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum | vb | to assist, help | LRC | |
| iuxtā | adv/prep | near | LRC | |
| jugo, jugare | vb | to join | W7 | |
| jugulum | n.neut | collarbone, throat | W7 | |
| jugum | n.neut | yoke | W7 | |
| junctio, iunctionis | n.fem | act/result of joining | W7 | |
| jungo, jungere, junxi, junctus | vb | to yoke, join together | W7 | |
| juvo, juvare | vb | to help | W7 | |
| subjugo, subjugare, subjugavi, subjugatus | vb | to bring under yoke | W7 | |
| subjungo, subjungere | vb | to join beneath, subordinate, add | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | juxto, juxtāre | vb | to put/be near | W7 |
| Late Latin: | injunctio, injunctionis | n.fem | injunction | W7 |
| jugularis | adj | jugular | W7 | |
| syzygia | n.fem | conjunction | W7 | |
| New Latin: | jugum | n.neut | yoke | W7 |
| zygoma, zygomatos | n.fem | zygomatic arch/bone | W7 | |
| Spanish: | junta | n.fem | committee, association | Sal/W7 |
| junto | adj/vb.ptc | joined | W7 | |
| Old French: | aider | vb | to aid | AHD |
| ajoindre | vb | to adjoin | AHD | |
| ajoster | vb | to adjust | AHD | |
| enjoindre | vb | to enjoin | W7 | |
| joindre | vb | to join | W7 | |
| jointe | n.fem | action of joining | W7 | |
| juster | vb | to put/be near | W7 | |
| Middle French: | adjoindre | vb | to adjoin | W7 |
| aider | vb | to help | W7 | |
| conjoindre | vb | to join | W7 | |
| conjugal | adj | relative to marriage | W7 | |
| injonction | n.fem | injunction | W7 | |
| joindre | vb | to join | W7 | |
| joint | n.masc | joint, articulation | W7 | |
| rejoindre | vb | to rejoin | W7 | |
| subjoindre | vb | to subjoin | W7 | |
| French: | adjuvant | n.masc | adjuvant, sidekick | W7 |
| ajuster | vb | to adjust | W7 | |
| joindre | vb | to join | W7 | |
| jusque | adv | until, up to | TLL | |
| juste | adj | just, exact | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | jùngas | n | yoke | LRC |
| jùngti, jùngia, jùngė | vb | to join, unite | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | igo | n | yoke | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ζεῦγος | n.pl | (yoked) pair | LRC |
| ζυγόν | n.neut | yoke | LRC | |
| Greek: | azygos | adj | unmarried | W7 |
| zeugma | n.neut | joining | W7 | |
| zeugnynai | vb | to yoke, join | W7 | |
| -zygos | sfx | yoked, with an egg | W7 | |
| zygoun | vb | to join | W7 | |
| zygōma | n.neut | zygoma | W7 | |
| zygōtos | adj | yoked | W7 | |
| syzygia | n.fem | syzygy, state of being yoked together | W7 | |
| syzygos | adj | yoked together | W7 | |
| ὑποζύγιον | n.neut | pack animal | LRC | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | iukan, yugan | n | yoke | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | luc | n | yoke | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | yugá(m) | n | yoke, pair | LRC |
| yunakti | vb | to yoke | W7 | |
| yoga | n | Hindu theistic philosophy re: suppression of body/mind activity | W7 | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian A: | yokäm | n | yoke | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| Sal | = | Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |