Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. i̯eu-, i̯eu̯ə-, i̯eu-g-   'to yoke, join, tie together'

Semantic Field(s): Yoke, to Join, Unite

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Welsh: iau n yoke LRC
English  
Old English: geoc, (g)ioc, geoht, gōc n.neut yoke ASD/W7
Middle English: adjoinen vb to adjoin W7
aiden vb to aid AHD
conjoinen vb to conjoin W7
conjugat vb.ptc joined, combined, united W7
conjunct vb.ptc joined, combined, united W7
enjoinen vb to enjoin W7
eyden vb to aid, help W7
joinen vb to join W7
joint(e) n joint W7
jousten vb to joust W7
rejoinen vb to rejoin W7
rejoiner n rejoinder W7
subjugaten vb to subjugate W7
yok n yoke W7
English: adjoin vb to add/attach by joining AHD/W7
adjust vb to bring to more satisfactory state AHD/W7
adjutant n aide, staff officer AHD
adjuvant adj serving to aid/contribute AHD/W7
aid vb to help, assist AHD/W7
aide n assistant, aide-de-camp W7
aide-de-camp n camp assistant W7
azygous adj single, not one of pair AHD/W7
conjoin vb to join together for common purpose AHD/W7
conjugal adj re: marriage/married state/matrimonial relations AHD/W7
conjugate adj coupled, joined together as pair(s) AHD/W7
conjunct adj united, joined AHD/W7
enjoin vb.trans to direct/impose by authoritative order AHD/W7
injunction n admonition, order, act/instance of enjoining AHD/W7
join vb to put/bring together to form unit AHD/W7
joinder n conjunction AHD/W7
joint adj combined, united AHD/W7
joint n point of contact between parts of animal skeleton AHD/W7
joust vb.intrans to fight on horseback AHD/W7
jugate adj paired AHD/W7
jugular adj re: throat/neck AHD/W7
jugum n pair of opposite leaflets of pinnate leaf AHD/W7
junction n act/state of joining/being joined AHD/W7
junta n council/committee for political/governmental purposes AHD/W7
rejoin vb to answer replication of plaintiff AHD/W7
rejoinder n defendant's answer to plaintiff's replication AHD/W7
subjoin vb.trans to append, annex AHD/W7
subjugate vb.trans to master, force to submit AHD/W7
syzygy n nearly straight-line configuration among 3 orbiting celestial bodies AHD/W7
yoga n Hindu theistic philosophy re: suppression of body/mind activity AHD/W7
yoke n wooden bar/frame by which draft animals are joined to work together AHD/W7
yoke vb to join via yoke W7
zeugma n use of word to modify/govern two/more words, applying distinctively to each AHD/W7
zygoma n zygomatic arch AHD/W7
zygote n cell formed by union of 2 gametes AHD/W7
-zygous adj having zygotic constitution AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Old High German: jo(c)h n yoke W7
German: Joch n.neut yoke ASD
North Germanic  
Old Norse: ok n yoke LRC
East Germanic  
Gothic: (ga-)juk n yoke, pair LRC
Italic  
Latin: adjungo, adjungere vb to fasten, harness W7
adjuto, adjutāre vb to assist zealously W7
adjuvo, adjuvāre vb to help, assist W7
conjugalis adj of marriage W7
conjugō, conjugāre, conjugāvī, conjugātus vb to join, unite W7
conjungo, conjungere, conjunxi, conjunctus vb to join, connect, fasten together W7
conjunx, conjugis n.masc/fem spouse W7
injungo, injungere, injunxi, injunctus vb to join, attach to W7
iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum vb to assist, help LRC
iuxtā adv/prep near LRC
jugo, jugare vb to join W7
jugulum n.neut collarbone, throat W7
jugum n.neut yoke W7
junctio, iunctionis n.fem act/result of joining W7
jungo, jungere, junxi, junctus vb to yoke, join together W7
juvo, juvare vb to help W7
subjugo, subjugare, subjugavi, subjugatus vb to bring under yoke W7
subjungo, subjungere vb to join beneath, subordinate, add W7
Vulgar Latin: juxto, juxtāre vb to put/be near W7
Late Latin: injunctio, injunctionis n.fem injunction W7
jugularis adj jugular W7
syzygia n.fem conjunction W7
New Latin: jugum n.neut yoke W7
zygoma, zygomatos n.fem zygomatic arch/bone W7
Spanish: junta n.fem committee, association Sal/W7
junto adj/vb.ptc joined W7
Old French: aider vb to aid AHD
ajoindre vb to adjoin AHD
ajoster vb to adjust AHD
enjoindre vb to enjoin W7
joindre vb to join W7
jointe n.fem action of joining W7
juster vb to put/be near W7
Middle French: adjoindre vb to adjoin W7
aider vb to help W7
conjoindre vb to join W7
conjugal adj relative to marriage W7
injonction n.fem injunction W7
joindre vb to join W7
joint n.masc joint, articulation W7
rejoindre vb to rejoin W7
subjoindre vb to subjoin W7
French: adjuvant n.masc adjuvant, sidekick W7
ajuster vb to adjust W7
joindre vb to join W7
jusque adv until, up to TLL
juste adj just, exact W7
Baltic  
Lithuanian: jùngas n yoke LRC
jùngti, jùngia, jùngė vb to join, unite LRC
Slavic  
Old Church Slavonic: igo n yoke LRC
Hellenic  
Homeric Greek: ζεῦγος n.pl (yoked) pair LRC
ζυγόν n.neut yoke LRC
Greek: azygos adj unmarried W7
zeugma n.neut joining W7
zeugnynai vb to yoke, join W7
-zygos sfx yoked, with an egg W7
zygoun vb to join W7
zygōma n.neut zygoma W7
zygōtos adj yoked W7
syzygia n.fem syzygy, state of being yoked together W7
syzygos adj yoked together W7
ὑποζύγιον n.neut pack animal LRC
Anatolian  
Hittite: iukan, yugan n yoke LRC
Armenian  
Armenian: luc n yoke LRC
Indic  
Sanskrit: yugá(m) n yoke, pair LRC
yunakti vb to yoke W7
yoga n Hindu theistic philosophy re: suppression of body/mind activity W7
Tocharian  
Tocharian A: yokäm n yoke LRC

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
fem=feminine (gender)
intrans=intransitive
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pl=plural (number)
prep=preposition
ptc=participle
sfx=suffix
trans=transitive
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
Sal=Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996)
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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