Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. i̯eu- 'young'
Semantic Field(s): Young
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | ōac | adj | young | LRC |
| Irish: | gall | n.masc | foreigner | W7 |
| gallōglach | n.masc | heavily-armed soldier | IED/W7 | |
| ōglach | n.masc | soldier | W7 | |
| Welsh: | ieuanc | adj | young | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gēoguþ, gī(o)goþ, īuguþ | n.fem | youth | ASD/W7 |
| ge(o)ng, gi(o)ng, g(i)ung | adj | young | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | June | prop.n | June | W7 |
| yong | adj | young | W7 | |
| youthe | n | youth | W7 | |
| English: | gallowglass | n | mercenary/retainer of Irish chief | AHD/W7 |
| June | prop.n | 6th month (in Gregorian calendar) | AHD/W7 | |
| junior | adj | younger | AHD/W7 | |
| junior | n | person younger than another | AHD/W7 | |
| juvenile | adj | young, physiologically immature/undeveloped | AHD/W7 | |
| rejuvenate | vb | to reinvigorate, make young/youthful again | AHD/W7 | |
| young | adj | re: first/early phase of life/growth/development | AHD/W7 | |
| youngster | n | child, young person | W7 | |
| youth | n | life phase of growth/development | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | jung, jong | adj | young | ASD |
| Frisian: | jong | adj | young | ASD |
| Dutch: | jong | adj | young | ASD |
| jongen | n | boy, youngster | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | juguð | n | youth | ASD |
| jung | adj | young | ASD | |
| Low German: | jung, junk | adj | young | ASD |
| Old High German: | jugund | n | youth | ASD |
| jung | adj | young | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | junc | adj | young | ASD |
| German: | Jugend | n.fem | youth, adolescence | ASD |
| jung | adj | young | ASD | |
| Junge | n.masc | boy, lad, youngster | LRC | |
| Junge | n.neut | drop, hatchling | LRC | |
| Juni | n.masc | June | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | ungr | adj | young | LRC |
| Icelandic: | ungr | adj | young | ASD |
| Danish: | ung | adj | young | ASD |
| Swedish: | ung | adj | young | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | jungs | adj | young | LRC |
| yuggs | adj | young | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | junior | adj.comp | younger | W7 |
| Junius | prop.n.masc | June | W7 | |
| juvenilis | adj | re: young person | W7 | |
| juvenis | n.masc/fem | young man/woman | W7 | |
| Middle French: | Juin | prop.n.masc | June | W7 |
| French: | juvénile | adj | re: young person | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | jáunos | adj | young | LRC |
| Latvian: | jauna, jaûns | adj | young, new | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | junz | adj | young | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | αἰζηός | adj | strong, lusty, vigorous | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | yavan | adj | young | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | yúvā | n | youth | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| comp | = | comparative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |