Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. i̯eu- 'young'
Semantic Field(s): Young
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | ōac | adj | young | LRC |
Irish: | gall | n.masc | foreigner | W7 |
gallōglach | n.masc | heavily-armed soldier | IED/W7 | |
ōglach | n.masc | soldier | W7 | |
Welsh: | ieuanc | adj | young | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | gēoguþ, gī(o)goþ, īuguþ | n.fem | youth | ASD/W7 |
ge(o)ng, gi(o)ng, g(i)ung | adj | young | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | June | prop.n | June | W7 |
yong | adj | young | W7 | |
youthe | n | youth | W7 | |
English: | gallowglass | n | mercenary/retainer of Irish chief | AHD/W7 |
June | prop.n | 6th month (in Gregorian calendar) | AHD/W7 | |
junior | adj | younger | AHD/W7 | |
junior | n | person younger than another | AHD/W7 | |
juvenile | adj | young, physiologically immature/undeveloped | AHD/W7 | |
rejuvenate | vb | to reinvigorate, make young/youthful again | AHD/W7 | |
young | adj | re: first/early phase of life/growth/development | AHD/W7 | |
youngster | n | child, young person | W7 | |
youth | n | life phase of growth/development | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | jung, jong | adj | young | ASD |
Frisian: | jong | adj | young | ASD |
Dutch: | jong | adj | young | ASD |
jongen | n | boy, youngster | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | juguð | n | youth | ASD |
jung | adj | young | ASD | |
Low German: | jung, junk | adj | young | ASD |
Old High German: | jugund | n | youth | ASD |
jung | adj | young | W7 | |
Middle High German: | junc | adj | young | ASD |
German: | Jugend | n.fem | youth, adolescence | ASD |
jung | adj | young | ASD | |
Junge | n.masc | boy, lad, youngster | LRC | |
Junge | n.neut | drop, hatchling | LRC | |
Juni | n.masc | June | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | ungr | adj | young | LRC |
Icelandic: | ungr | adj | young | ASD |
Danish: | ung | adj | young | ASD |
Swedish: | ung | adj | young | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | jungs | adj | young | LRC |
yuggs | adj | young | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | junior | adj.comp | younger | W7 |
Junius | prop.n.masc | June | W7 | |
juvenilis | adj | re: young person | W7 | |
juvenis | n.masc/fem | young man/woman | W7 | |
Middle French: | Juin | prop.n.masc | June | W7 |
French: | juvénile | adj | re: young person | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | jáunos | adj | young | LRC |
Latvian: | jauna, jaûns | adj | young, new | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | junz | adj | young | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | αἰζηός | adj | strong, lusty, vigorous | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | yavan | adj | young | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | yúvā | n | youth | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
comp | = | comparative |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |