Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kagh- : kogh- 'to sew, plait, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): to Sew, to Plait
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Cornish: | kē | n | hedge, fence | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hæg | n | hedged land | KEW |
| hægtesse | n.fem | hag, witch, fury | ||
| haga | n.masc | haw | ASD/W7 | |
| hagaþorn | n | hawthorn | W7 | |
| hecg, hege | n.masc | hedge, fence | W7 | |
| Middle English: | colyndore | n | colander | W7 |
| hagge | n | hag | W7 | |
| hawe | n | haw | W7 | |
| hawethorn | n | hawthorn | W7 | |
| hegge | n | hedge | W7 | |
| key | n | quay | W7 | |
| English: | cay | n | low reef/islet of coral/sand | AHD/W7 |
| colander | n | perforated utensil for food drainage | AHD/W7 | |
| coulee | n | small stream | AHD/W7 | |
| couloir | n | mountainside gorge (in Swiss Alps) | AHD/W7 | |
| cullis | n | gutter in roof | AHD/W7 | |
| hag | n.arch | hobgoblin, female demon, evil/frightening spirit | W7 | |
| haggard | adj | not tamed | AHD/W7 | |
| haw | n | hedge, copse; hawthorn berry | AHD/W7 | |
| hawfinch | n | Eurasian finch with white/brown/black feathers | AHD | |
| hawthorn | n | spring-flowering spiny shrub | AHD/W7 | |
| Haysend | prop.n | Buckland village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Hayward | prop.n | friend of Merry in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hayward | n | sheriff in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hedge | n | dense shrub/tree row forming fence/boundary | AHD/W7 | |
| hex | n | jinx, spell, curse | W7 | |
| hex | vb | to put hex on, practice witchcraft | W7 | |
| inchoate | adj | incipient, being partly/recently/imperfectly formed/begun | AHD/W7 | |
| key | n | cay | AHD/W7 | |
| key | n | quay | AHD/W7 | |
| percolate | vb | to filter, cause to pass through permeable substance | AHD/W7 | |
| quay | n | paved/solid artificial bank beside navigable water for loading/unloading ships | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | kaai | n | quay | TLL |
| Pennsylvania German: | hexe | vb | to hex | W7 |
| Old High German: | hag | n | hedge | KDW |
| hagan | n | haw | KDW | |
| hagandorn | n | hawthorn | KDW | |
| hagzussa, hāzus | n.fem | hag, witch | KDW | |
| German: | Hag | n.masc | hedge, fence, enclosure | LRC |
| Hexe | n.fem | hag, witch, sorceress | W7 | |
| hexen | vb | to hex, conjure, practice sorcery | W7 | |
| Kai | n | quay | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hagi | n | pasture, fenced field | KNW |
| Danish: | kaj | n | quay | TLL |
| Swedish: | kaj | n | quay | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cohum | n.neut | strap fastening plow beam to yoke | W7 |
| colō, colāre, colāvī, colātus | vb | to sieve, filter | W7 | |
| colō, colere | vb | to cultivate, inhabit, honor | W7 | |
| colum | n.neut | sieve | W7 | |
| incohatus, incohata, incohatum | adj | begun | LRC | |
| incohō, incohāre, inchoāvī, inchoātus | vb | to start, hitch up | W7 | |
| percolo, percolare, percolavi, percolatus | vb | to decorate | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | colatorium | n.neut | mountainside gorge | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | colatorium | n.neut | filter-house | W7 |
| Spanish: | cayo | n.masc | cay | W7 |
| Middle French: | hagard | adj | drowsy | W7 |
| French: | coulée | n.fem | a flow(ing), e.g. of lava | W7 |
| couler | vb | to flow, sink | W7 | |
| coulisse | n.fem | groove, slide | W7 | |
| couloir | n.masc | hallway | W7 | |
| haie | n | haw: hedge | TLL | |
| Canadian French: | coulée | n.fem | a flow(ing) | W7 |
| Old Provençal: | colador | n.masc | colander, utensil used to sieve | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
