Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kaghlo- 'chalk, pebble'
Semantic Field(s): Rock, Stone
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cealc | n.masc | chalk, lime, cement, plaster | ASD/KEW |
| hæg(e)l, hagol, hagal | n.masc | hail; (name for) H-rune | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | chalk | n | chalk | W7 |
| hail | n | hail | W7 | |
| English: | chalk | n | soft gray/white calcitic limestone | W7 |
| hail | n | ice precipitation as layered balls/lumps | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | hagel | n | hail | TLL |
| kalk | n | chalk, lime | TLL | |
| Middle Low German: | kalk | n | chalk, lime | W7 |
| Old High German: | hagal | n.masc | hail | ASD/W7 |
| kalk | n | chalk, lime, plaster | KDW | |
| German: | Hagel | n.masc | hail | ASD |
| Kalk | n | chalk, lime | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *hagalaz | n | hail; (name for) H-rune | LRC |
| Old Norse: | kalka | vb | to plaster with lime | KNW |
| Icelandic: | hagl | n | hail | ASD |
| Danish: | hagl | n | hail | TLL |
| kalk | n | chalk, lime | TLL | |
| Swedish: | hagel | n | hail | TLL |
| kalk | n | chalk, lime | TLL | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | calx, calcis | n.fem | chalk, lime; stone, pebble | CLD |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | κάλαζα | n | hail | LRC |
| Greek: | κάχληξ | n.masc | pebble; gravel, shingle | LS |
| χάλιξ | n.masc/fem | stone, pebble; gravel, rubble | LS | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
