Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kand-, skand-, and Indo-Iranian (s)kend- 'to glow, shine; bright, candent'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten, Bright
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | candel(l), condel(l) | n.fem | candle | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | candel | n | candle | W7 |
| encens | n | incense | W7 | |
| encensen | vb | to incense | W7 | |
| English: | candelabrum | n | branched lamp/candlestick with several lights | AHD/W7 |
| candelilla | n | wax-coated shrub of Texas/Mexico | AHD | |
| candent | adj | glowing, heated to whiteness | AHD/W7 | |
| candescence | n | candescent state, glowing whiteness | AHD/W7 | |
| candescent | adj | glowing/dazzling (esp. from heat) | AHD/W7 | |
| candid | adj | white | AHD/W7 | |
| candida | n | yeast-like fungus | AHD | |
| candidate | n | one who offers for office/honor/membership | AHD/W7 | |
| candle | n | cylindrical wax/tallow mass with cotton/linen wick burned to give light | AHD/W7 | |
| candor | n | brilliance, whiteness | AHD/W7 | |
| frankincense | n | fragrant gum resin | AHD/W7 | |
| incandesce | vb | to be(come) incandescent | AHD/W7 | |
| incandescent | adj | bright, candent, luminous | W7 | |
| incendiary | n | one who sets fire to building/other property | AHD/W7 | |
| incense | n | material used to produce fragrant odor when burned | AHD/W7 | |
| incense | vb.trans | to inflame with passion/emotion | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | candela | n.fem | candle | W7 |
| candelabrum | n.neut | candlestick | W7 | |
| candeo, candè„re | vb | to shine, glow, be white | W7 | |
| candidatus | vb.ptc | clothed in white | W7 | |
| candidus, candida, candidum | adj | clear, bright, white | LRC | |
| incandesco, incandescere | vb | to glow, become hot | W7 | |
| incendiarius | n.masc | one who sets something on fire | W7 | |
| incendium | n.neut | conflagration | W7 | |
| incendo, incendere, incendi, incensus | vb | to set on fire | W7 | |
| Spanish: | candela | n | candle | ASD |
| Old French: | encens | n.masc | incense | W7 |
| Middle French: | incenser | vb | to burn incense | W7 |
| French: | candeur | n.fem | purity, naiveness | W7 |
| candide | adj | pure, naive | W7 | |
| chandelle | n.fem | candle | ASD | |
| Italian: | candela | n | candle | ASD |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Late Greek: | kanderos | adj | ember | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
