Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kapro- 'he-goat'
Semantic Field(s): He-Goat
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | gabor | n | goat | RPN |
| Scots Gaelic: | cabar | n.masc | horn | GE/W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hæfer | n.masc | buck, he-goat | ASD/RPN |
| Middle English: | caperis | n.pl | capers | W7 |
| Capricorne | prop.n | Capricorn | W7 | |
| caprifige | n | caprifig | W7 | |
| chevron | n | chevron | W7 | |
| English: | caber | n | pole | AHD/W7 |
| cabrilla | n | sea bass (fish) | AHD/W7 | |
| cabriolet | n | light 1-horse 2-wheeled carriage | AHD/W7 | |
| Capella | prop.n | bright double star in constellation Auriga | LRC | |
| caper | n | low prickly Mediterranean shrub | AHD/W7 | |
| caper | n | bounding leap, frolicsome escapade | W7 | |
| caper | vb | to prance, leap about | W7 | |
| capers | n.pl | caper berries (a relish) | AHD/W7 | |
| capreomycin | n | tuberculosis antibiotic | AHD | |
| Capricorn | prop.n | southern zodiacal constellation | W7 | |
| caprifig | n | wild fig | AHD/W7 | |
| caprine | adj | goatlike, re: goat(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| capriole | n | caper: leap | AHD/W7 | |
| chevre | n | goat, nanny goat | AHD | |
| chevron | n | heraldic charge: diagonal stripes meeting at angle | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | haver | n | oats | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | havoro, haƀoro | n | oats | KSW |
| Old High German: | habaro | n | oats | KDW |
| German: | Hafer | n | oats | TLL |
| Kaper | n.fem | caper(s) | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hafri | n | oats | KNW |
| Old Icelandic: | hafr | n | buck, he-goat | RPN |
| Icelandic: | hafr | n | buck, he-goat | ASD |
| Faeroese: | havur | n | buck, he-goat | RPN |
| Danish: | havre | n | oats | TLL |
| Swedish: | havre | n | oats | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | Capella | prop.n.fem | Capella, the Goat | W7 |
| caper, capris | n.masc | he-goat | RPN | |
| capra | n.fem | she-goat | W7 | |
| capreolus | n.masc | goat, roebuck | W7 | |
| Capricornus | prop.n.masc | Capricorn, lit. Goat-horn | W7 | |
| caprificus | n.fem | wild fig-tree | W7 | |
| caprinus | adj | re: goats | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | caprio, caprionis | n.masc | rafter | W7 |
| Portuguese: | cabra | n | goat | TLL |
| Spanish: | cabra | n.fem | goat | W7 |
| cabrilla | n.fem | sea bass | W7 | |
| Middle French: | capriole | n.fem | goat | W7 |
| chevron | n.masc | chevron, rafter | W7 | |
| French: | cabriole | n.fem | caper: leap | W7 |
| cabriolet | n.masc | cabriolet | W7 | |
| chèvre | n | chevre | TLL | |
| chèvrefeuille | n.masc | honeysuckle, lit. goatleaf | LRC | |
| Old Italian: | capriola | n.fem | female goat | W7 |
| capriole | n.fem | female goat | W7 | |
| capriolo | n.masc | roebuck | W7 | |
| Italian: | capra | n | goat | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | kapparis | n.fem | capers | W7 |
| κάπρος | n.masc | wild boar | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GE | = | Colin Mark: The Gaelic-English Dictionary (2003) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
