Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kā̆pho-, or k̑ō̆pho- 'hoof'
Semantic Field(s): Foot
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hōf | n.masc | hoof | ASD/RPN |
| Middle English: | hache | n | ax | W7 |
| hachet | n.dim | hatchet | W7 | |
| hoof | n | hoof | W7 | |
| notehache | n | nuthatch | W7 | |
| English: | hash | vb.trans | to chop in small pieces | AHD/W7 |
| hatchet | n | light short-handled ax with hammerhead | AHD/W7 | |
| hoof | n | horn/nail protecting ungulate mammal digits | AHD/W7 | |
| kope(c)k | n | Russian currency unit | AHD | |
| nuthatch | n | bird intermediate between titmice/creepers | AHD/W7 | |
| piolet | n | ice ax (for cutting footholds) | AHD | |
| quebracho | n | tropical American hardwood tree | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | hoef | n | hoof | RPN |
| Old High German: | hāppa | n | sickle | W7 |
| huof | n | hoof | RPN | |
| German: | Huf | n | hoof | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | hófr | n | hoof | RPN |
| Icelandic: | hōfr | n | hoof | ASD |
| Danish: | hov | n | hoof | TLL |
| Swedish: | hov | n | hoof | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Spanish: | hacha | n.fem | ax | W7 |
| quiebra | vb.3.sg | it breaks | W7 | |
| American Spanish: | quebracho | n.masc | lumber, hardwood | W7 |
| Old French: | hache | n.fem | battle-ax | W7 |
| hachier | vb | to hash | W7 | |
| Middle French: | hache | n.fem | battle-ax | W7 |
| hachette | n.fem.dim | hatchet, small ax | W7 | |
| French: | hache | n | ax | TLL |
| hacher | vb | to hash | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Russian: | kopeika | n | kopek | AHD |
| kopie | n | spear | AHD | |
| Russian: | kopat' | vb | to hack | AHD |
| kopeĭka | n | kopek | AHD | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | safa | n | horse hoof | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | śaphá-ḥ | n | hoof | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
