Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. kar-, reduplicated karkar-   'hard'

Semantic Field(s): Hard

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Old Irish: carn n cairn W7
carrac n.fem carr, cliff IEW
Scots Gaelic: carn n cairn W7
Cornish: karrek n carr LRC
Welsh: carn n cairn W7
carreg n carr LRC
English  
Old English: h(e)ard adj hard, stern, strong, brave ASD
hearding n.masc hero, warrior, brave man ASD
heardlīce adv hardly, harshly, bravely AHD
hearg, hear(c)h, herh n.masc temple ASD/IEW
Northumbrian: carr n carr OED
Middle English: -ard sfx -ard W7
cancer n cancer W7
canker n canker W7
carne n cairn W7
hard adj hard W7
hardi adj hardy W7
hardli adv hardly AHD
standard n standard W7
English: -ard n.sfx one characterized by some performance/possession/association AHD/W7
autocrat n ruler with unchecked power TLL
cairn n heap of stones (as landmark/memorial) W7
Cancer prop.n the Crab (northern zodiacal constellation) AHD/W7
cancer n (disease involving) malignant tumor AHD/W7
canker n erosive/spreading sore AHD/W7
carangid adj re: marine spiny-finned food fish AHD/W7
carcin(o)- pfx crab; tumor AHD/W7
carcinoma n malignant epithelial tumor AHD/W7
careen n state of careening/being careened AHD/W7
carina n keel-shaped anatomical part/ridge/process AHD/W7
carr n rock, stone, boulder OED
Carrock prop.n huge boulder in Tolkien: The Hobbit LRC
chancre n primary sore/ulcer at site of entry of pathogen AHD/W7
-cracy n.sfx form of government AHD/W7
Dúnharg, Dunharrow prop.n Rohan refuge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
hard adj not easily penetrated/yielding to pressure AHD/W7
Hardbottle prop.n Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
Harding prop.n Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
hardly adv just, barely AHD
hardy adj brave, bold AHD/W7
Harrowdale prop.n Rohan valley in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
standard n conspicuous object (banner) serving as emblem AHD/W7
synkaryon n cell nucleus formed by fusion of preexisting nuclei AHD/W7
Underharrow prop.n Rohan village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: herd adj hard RPN
Old Saxon: hard adj hard RPN
Old High German: Gērhart prop.n Gerard W7
-hart prop.n.sfx -ard [used in personal names] W7
hart(i), hert(i) adj hard ASD/RPN
haruc(h), harug n.masc temple ASD
Middle High German: -hart prop.n.sfx -ard CDC
German: -hart n.sfx -ard CDC
hart adj hard ASD
North Germanic  
Old Norse: harðr adj hard, sharp, severe LRC
hǫrgr n.masc temple, (stone) altar, outdoor sanctuary LRC
Old Icelandic: herða vb to make hard RPN
Icelandic: harðr adj hard ASD
hörgr n.masc heathen place of worship ASD
Norwegian: hard adj hard, strong RPN
Danish: haard adj hard, strong RPN
Swedish: hård adj hard, strong RPN
East Germanic  
Gothic: hardus adj hard, stern RPN
Italic  
Latin: Cancer prop.n.masc the Crab (constellation) W7
cancer n.masc crab, cancer RPN
carcinoma n.neut cancerous tumor W7
carina n.fem ship's keel; nutshell W7
Late Latin: -cratia sfx power W7
New Latin: carina n.fem carina W7
synkaryon n.neut cell nucleus formed by fusion of two nuclei W7
Spanish: caranga n.fem carangid (fish) W7
estandarte n standard TLL
Old French: -ard n.sfx -ard CDC
hardi adj bold, hardy W7
Old North French: cancre n.masc crab, canker, cancer W7
Middle French: carène n.fem keel W7
-cratie sfx power W7
French: -ard n.sfx -ard CDC
autocrate n autocrat AHD
chancre n.masc canker, chancre W7
étandard n standard TLL
Old Italian: carena n.fem ship's keel W7
Baltic  
Lithuanian: kratùs adj rough, uneven RPN
Hellenic  
Ionic: κάρτος n strength, might RPN
Homeric Greek: κρατύς adj strong, mighty RPN
Greek: autokratēs n ruling by oneself AHD
καρκίνος n crab RPN
karkinos n.masc crab, cancer W7
karkinōma n.neut cancer W7
κάρτα adv extremely, very much LRC
καρτερός adj strong, stout, staunch RPN
karyon n.neut nut W7
κρατέω vb to hold fast, take to heart; rule, conquer LRC
-kratia sfx power, rule W7
κράτος n strength, might, power RPN
Indic  
Sanskrit: karkaṭa-ḥ n crab RPN
karkara-ḥ adj hard, firm RPN
karkaśá-ḥ adj rough, hard RPN
Pali: kakkasa- adj rough, harsh RPN

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pfx=prefix
prop=proper
sfx=suffix
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC=W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW=Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED=James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN=Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etymon:    previous   |   next


  • Linguistics Research Center

    University of Texas at Austin
    PCL 5.556
    Mailcode S5490
    Austin, Texas 78712
    512-471-4566

  • For comments and inquiries, or to report issues, please contact the Web Master at UTLRC@utexas.edu