Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. k̑ei- '(dark color: brown, gray)'
Semantic Field(s): Dark in Color
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hār | adj | hoary | W7 |
| hārhūne | n.fem | horehound | ASD/W7 | |
| hīw, heow, hiow, heō | n.neut | hue | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | hewe | n | hue | W7 |
| ho(a)r | n | hoar | W7 | |
| horhoune | n | horehound | W7 | |
| English: | Herr | tit | Mr. | AHD/W7 |
| Herrenvolk | prop.n | master race | AHD/W7 | |
| hoar | adj | hoary | AHD/W7 | |
| hoar | n | hoarfrost | AHD/W7 | |
| hoarfrost | n | minute ice crystals covering cold surface | W7 | |
| hoary | adj | gray/white (with age) | W7 | |
| horehound | n | bitter mint with hoary leaves | AHD/W7 | |
| hue | n | shape, aspect | AHD/W7 | |
| younker | n | young man | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | heer | n | gentleman | TLL |
| jonker | n | young nobleman | W7 | |
| Old High German: | hēr | adj | hoary | W7 |
| German: | Herr | n.masc | sir, Herr; lord, gentleman | TLL |
| Herrenvolk | n | Herrenvolk, lit. lord-folk | AHD/W7 | |
| Junker | n.masc | younker, young nobleman | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | hārr | adj | hoary | ASD |
| Danish: | herre | n | gentleman | TLL |
| Swedish: | herre | n | gentleman | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hiwi | n | hue, form | ASD |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | kirros | adj | orange-colored | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| tit | = | title |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
