Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. k̑ei- 'to lie, recline; camp, home'
Semantic Field(s): to Lie, Recline, Home
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | céle | n.masc | friend, fellow, companion | AHD/IOI |
| célide | n | ceilidh, visit | AHD | |
| Irish: | céilidhe | n | ceilidh | AHD |
| Welsh: | cilydd | n | comrade, companion | IEW |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hām | n.masc/adv | home, village; homeward(s) | ASD/W7 |
| hīgid | n | hide, archaic English land unit | W7 | |
| hīwan, hīgan | n.pl | members of household | ASD/W7 | |
| hīwian | vb | to marry | KEW | |
| Middle English: | cimitery | n | cemetery | W7 |
| citie | n | large/small town | W7 | |
| civil | adj | civil | W7 | |
| hamlet | n | hamlet | W7 | |
| haunten | vb | to haunt | W7 | |
| hide | n | hide (areal unit) | W7 | |
| hine | n | servant, farmhand | W7 | |
| hom | n | home | W7 | |
| English: | ceilidh | n | social gathering with Celtic dance/music/storytelling | AHD |
| cemetery | n | burial ground | AHD/W7 | |
| city | n | inhabited area greater in size/importance/population than town/village | AHD/W7 | |
| civic | adj | re: city/citizen(ship)/civil affairs | AHD/W7 | |
| civil | adj | re: citizens | AHD/W7 | |
| haimish | adj | warm, homey, folksy, comfortable | AHD | |
| Hamfast | prop.n | hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hamlet | n | small village | AHD/W7 | |
| Hamson | prop.n | hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hangar | n | shed, shelter, covered area | AHD | |
| haunt | vb | to frequent, visit often | AHD/W7 | |
| hide | n | old English areal unit (usu. 120 acres) | AHD/W7 | |
| hind | n | British farmhand | AHD/W7 | |
| home | n | domicile, family's residence | AHD/W7 | |
| homey | adj | cosy, homelike, intimate | W7 | |
| incunabulum | n | book printed before 1501 | AHD/W7 | |
| Niflheim | prop.n | primordial realm of cold and darkness, lit. Mist Home (Norse mythology) | LRC | |
| site | n | place, position, (occupied) location | W7 | |
| situate | adj | re: location, having a site | AHD/W7 | |
| situate | vb | to place, locate | W7 | |
| situs | n | site | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | huwelijk | n | marriage | TLL |
| huwen | vb | to marry | LRC | |
| Old Saxon: | hēm | n | home, dwelling place | ASD |
| hīwa | n | wife | ASD | |
| Old High German: | haim | n/adv | home | ASD |
| hīwa | n | married woman | ASD | |
| hīwo | n | married man | ASD | |
| German: | Heim | n.neut | home | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | heimr | n.masc | home, region, world | LRC |
| Niflheimr | prop.n.masc | Niflheim | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | heim | adv | home | ASD |
| heimr | n | abode, world | ASD | |
| hjū(n), hjōn | n | family, household, man and wife | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | haims | n.fem | home, village | ASD |
| heiwa-frauja | n.masc | head of household | KGW | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | civicus | adj | civic | W7 |
| civilis | adj | civil | W7 | |
| civis | n.masc | citizen | W7 | |
| civitas, civitatis | n.fem | citizenship, state, city of Rome | LRC | |
| cuna | n.fem | cradle | W7 | |
| incunabula | n.fem | swaddling clothes, cradle | W7 | |
| situs | n.masc | situs | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | coemeterium | n.neut | burial place | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | situō, situāre, situāvī, situātus | vb | to situate | W7 |
| New Latin: | incunabulum | n.neut | book printed before 1501 | W7 |
| Spanish: | ciudád | n | city | TLL |
| Old French: | cité | n.fem | capital city | W7 |
| hanter | vb | to haunt | W7 | |
| Middle French: | cimitere | n.masc | cemetery | W7 |
| civil | adj | of a citizen | W7 | |
| hamelet | n.masc.dim | hamlet | W7 | |
| Italian: | città | n | city | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | saime | n.fem | family | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | κεῖμαι | vb | to lie, recline, be placed | LRC |
| koiman | vb | to put to sleep | W7 | |
| koimētērion | n.neut | sleeping chamber, burial place | W7 | |
| κοίτη | n.fem | the marriage-bed | RPN | |
| κοῖτος | n.masc | the marriage-bed | RPN | |
| kōmē | n.fem | village | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | ki-it-ta(-ri) | vb.3.sg.pres.mid | to lie, be placed | RPN |
| Palaic: | ki-i-ta-ar | vb.3.sg.pres.mid | to lie, be placed | RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | saēte | vb | to lie down, recline | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | śāyayati | vb.caus | to lay, cause to lie down | RPN |
| śéte | vb | to lie (down) | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| caus | = | causative |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| mid | = | middle (voice) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| IOI | = | Ruth P.M. and Winfred P. Lehmann: An Introduction to Old Irish (1975) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
