Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 5. kel- 'to drive, compel, accelerate, move quickly'
Semantic Field(s): to Drive
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | behealdan, bihealdan | vb | to hold, behold | ASD/W7 |
| geheald, gehæld | n | keeping, custody, protection | ASD/RPN | |
| h(e)aldan, hēold, hēoldon, healden | vb.str.VII | to hold, retain, preserve | ASD | |
| Middle English: | beholden | vb | to keep, behold | W7 |
| celerite | n | celerity | W7 | |
| holden | vb | to hold | W7 | |
| English: | accelerate | vb | to bring about at earlier point in time | AHD/W7 |
| avast | vb.imp | stop, cease, hold fast | AHD/W7 | |
| behold, beheld | vb.str | to see, perceive via sight/apprehension | AHD/W7 | |
| celebrate | vb | to perform (sacrament/solemn ceremony) publicly with rites | AHD/W7 | |
| celebrity | n | state of being famous/celebrated | AHD/W7 | |
| celerity | n | swiftness, rapidity of motion | AHD/W7 | |
| clonus | n | alternating muscle contractions/relaxations in some nervous diseases | AHD/W7 | |
| halt | n | stop | AHD/W7 | |
| halt | vb | to stop, cease moving | W7 | |
| hold, held | vb.str | to retain, control, possess | AHD/W7 | |
| uphold, upheld | vb.str | to give support, keep elevated | W7 | |
| upholster | vb | to furnish with upholstery | W7 | |
| upholsterer | n | one who upholsters | AHD | |
| upholstery | n | materials used to make soft covering | W7 | |
| withhold, withheld | vb.str | to retain, restrain, hold back | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | halda | vb | to hold, guard | RPN |
| Middle Dutch: | houden | n | to hold | AHD |
| Old Saxon: | haldan | vb | to hold, guard | RPN |
| Old High German: | haltan | vb | to hold, guard | RPN |
| Middle High German: | halten | vb | to hold | W7 |
| German: | halten | vb | to halt; hold, keep, detain | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | halda | vb | to hold, keep, last | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | hald | n | hold, upkeep, support | RPN |
| Icelandic: | halda | vb | to hold | ASD |
| Danish: | holde | vb | to hold | TLL |
| Old Swedish: | halla | vb | to hold | RPN |
| Swedish: | hålla | vb | to hold | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | haldan | vb | to hold, tend, take care of | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | accelero, accelerare, acceleravi, acceleratus | vb | to hasten, quicken | W7 |
| celeber, celebris | adj | famous, much frequented | W7 | |
| celebro, celebrare, celebravi, celebratus | vb | to affame, frequent, celebrate | W7 | |
| celer, celeris, celere | adj | fast, swift, rapid | W7 | |
| celeritas, celeritatis | n.fem | celerity | W7 | |
| New Latin: | clonus | n.masc | agitation | W7 |
| Middle French: | célérité | n.fem | celerity | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | klonos | n.masc | agitation | W7 |
| χρόνος | n.masc | time | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| VII | = | class 7 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| imp | = | imperative (mood) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
