Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 6. kel-, k(e)lē-, k(e)lā-, or kl̥̄-? 'to call, cry'
Semantic Field(s): to Call, Summon
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | geholian | vb | to obtain | W7 |
hlimman, hlamm, hlumon, hlummen | vb.str.III | to roar, resound | LRC | |
hlōwan | vb.str | to low | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | calender | n | calendar | W7 |
claimen | vb | to claim | W7 | |
clamor | n | clamor | W7 | |
clere | adj | clear | W7 | |
counceil | n | council | W7 | |
declamen | vb | to declaim | W7 | |
declaren | vb | to declare | W7 | |
gleyre | n | egg white | W7 | |
halen | vb | to hale | W7 | |
halier | n | halyard | W7 | |
kalendes | n.pl | calends | W7 | |
loowen | vb | to low | W7 | |
Paraclit | prop.n | Paraclete, Holy Spirit | W7 | |
proclamen | vb | to proclaim | W7 | |
reclamen | vb | to reclaim | W7 | |
reconcilen | vb | to reconcile | W7 | |
English: | acclaim | vb | to praise, applaud | AHD/W7 |
calendar | n | system for fixing/arranging days/weeks/months of civil year | AHD/W7 | |
calends | n | beginning of ancient Roman month, with days counted backward to ides | AHD/W7 | |
claim | n | demand for something due | W7 | |
claim | vb.trans | to ask for (as right) | AHD/W7 | |
clamant | adj | blatant, clamorous | AHD/W7 | |
clamor | n | noisy shouting | AHD/W7 | |
class | n | group sharing same social/economic status | AHD/W7 | |
clear | adj | bright, luminous | AHD/W7 | |
conciliate | vb.trans | to gain (e.g. goodwill) by pleasing | AHD/W7 | |
council | n | meeting/assembly for advice/discussion/consultation | AHD/W7 | |
declaim | vb | to speak rhetorically | AHD/W7 | |
declare | vb | to make clear | AHD/W7 | |
ecclesia | n | church | AHD | |
eclair | n | oblong cream puff with custard/whipped cream filling | AHD/W7 | |
exclaim | vb | to speak/cry out in strong/sudden emotion | AHD/W7 | |
glair | n | (size made from) egg white | AHD/W7 | |
hale | vb.trans | to haul | AHD/W7 | |
halyard | n | rope/tackle for hoisting/lowering | AHD/W7 | |
haul | vb | to pull/draw with force/violence | AHD/OED/W7 | |
intercalate | vb.trans | to insert (e.g. day) in calendar | AHD/W7 | |
keelhaul | vb.trans | to haul under ship's keel as torture/punishment | AHD/W7 | |
low | vb.intrans | to moo | AHD/W7 | |
nomenclator | n | book containing lists/collections of words | AHD/W7 | |
Paraclete | prop.n | helper, supporter | AHD/W7 | |
proclaim | vb.trans | to announce, declare publicly via speech/writing | AHD/W7 | |
quitclaim | n | transfer of claim/right/title | AHD | |
reclaim | vb.trans | to reform, recall from wrong/improper conduct | AHD/W7 | |
reconcile | vb.trans | to restore to harmony/friendship/communion | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | halen | vb | to haul | W7 |
Dutch: | halen | vb | to haul | W7 |
kielhalen | vb | to keelhaul | W7 | |
Old High German: | halōn | vb | to call, fetch | RPN |
hloen | vb | to low | W7 | |
hlōon | vb | to low | ASD | |
Middle High German: | hëllen | vb | to resound | RPN |
German: | hallen | vb | to resound | LRC |
Kielholen | vb | to keelhaul | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | hjaldr | n.masc | battle | LRC |
Old Icelandic: | hjala | vb | to talk, chatter | RPN |
Icelandic: | hlōa | vb | to roar | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | acclamo, acclamāre | vb | to acclaim | W7 |
calendae | n.fem.pl | calends | W7 | |
calo, calare, calavi, calatus | vb | to call, summon | RPN | |
clāmo, clāmare | vb | to call, shout, cry out | RPN | |
clamor, clamoris | n.masc | shout, loud noise | LRC | |
claro, clarare | vb | to make clear | W7 | |
clarus | adj | clear, famous | W7 | |
classis | n.fem | group called to arms, fleet | W7 | |
concilio, conciliare, conciliavi, conciliatus | vb | to unite, assemble, conciliate | W7 | |
concilium | n.neut | assembly, council | W7 | |
dēclāro, dēclārare | vb | to declare, make clear | W7 | |
exclamo, exclamare | vb | to exclaim | W7 | |
intercalo, intercalare, intercalavi, intercalatus | vb | to intercalate | W7 | |
kalendae | n.fem.pl | calends, a day in the Roman calendar | W7 | |
kalendarium | n.neut | moneylender's account book | W7 | |
nomenclator | n.masc | caller | W7 | |
proclamo, proclamare | vb | to proclaim | W7 | |
reclamo, reclamare | vb | to cry out against | W7 | |
reconcilio, reconciliare | vb | to repair, reconcile | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | claria | n.fem | glair | W7 |
Late Latin: | ecclesia | n | church | W7 |
Paracletus | n.masc | Paraclete | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | kalendarium | n.neut | calendar | W7 |
Portuguese: | claro | adj | clear | TLL |
Spanish: | claro | adj | clear | TLL |
Old French: | clamer | vb | to claim | W7 |
cler | adj | clear | W7 | |
concile | n.masc | council | W7 | |
reclamer | vb | to call back, to claim back | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | calender | n.masc | calendar | W7 |
Middle French: | clamour | n.fem | loud noise | W7 |
declarer | vb | to declare | W7 | |
exclamer | vb | to exclaim | W7 | |
glaire | n.fem | egg white | W7 | |
haler | vb | to haul, pull | W7 | |
Paraclet | n.masc | Paraclete | W7 | |
proclamer | vb | to proclaim | W7 | |
réconcilier | vb | to reconcile | W7 | |
French: | clair | adj | clear | TLL |
classe | n.fem | class | W7 | |
éclair | n.masc | lightning | W7 | |
Italian: | chiaro | adj | clear | TLL |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | kalbà | n | language | RPN |
Latvian: | kal’uôt | vb | to chatter | RPN |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἀνακαλέω | vb | to designate | LRC |
ekklēsia | n | assembly of citizens | W7 | |
ἐπίκλησις | n.fem | name, title | LRC | |
καλέω | vb | to call, summon | LRC | |
κέλαδος | n | noise | RPN | |
κολέω | vb | to call, to summon | RPN | |
parakalein | vb | to comfort | W7 | |
Paraklētos | n.masc | Paraclete | W7 | |
Late Greek: | ekklēsia | n | church | W7 |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | kalgalinai- | vb | to clang, clash | RPN |
kalleš-, kalliš- | vb | to evoke, summon | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
III | = | class 3 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |