Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 6. kel-, k(e)lē-, k(e)lā-, or kl̥̄-? 'to call, cry'
Semantic Field(s): to Call, Summon
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | geholian | vb | to obtain | W7 |
| hlimman, hlamm, hlumon, hlummen | vb.str.III | to roar, resound | LRC | |
| hlōwan | vb.str | to low | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | calender | n | calendar | W7 |
| claimen | vb | to claim | W7 | |
| clamor | n | clamor | W7 | |
| clere | adj | clear | W7 | |
| counceil | n | council | W7 | |
| declamen | vb | to declaim | W7 | |
| declaren | vb | to declare | W7 | |
| gleyre | n | egg white | W7 | |
| halen | vb | to hale | W7 | |
| halier | n | halyard | W7 | |
| kalendes | n.pl | calends | W7 | |
| loowen | vb | to low | W7 | |
| Paraclit | prop.n | Paraclete, Holy Spirit | W7 | |
| proclamen | vb | to proclaim | W7 | |
| reclamen | vb | to reclaim | W7 | |
| reconcilen | vb | to reconcile | W7 | |
| English: | acclaim | vb | to praise, applaud | AHD/W7 |
| calendar | n | system for fixing/arranging days/weeks/months of civil year | AHD/W7 | |
| calends | n | beginning of ancient Roman month, with days counted backward to ides | AHD/W7 | |
| claim | n | demand for something due | W7 | |
| claim | vb.trans | to ask for (as right) | AHD/W7 | |
| clamant | adj | blatant, clamorous | AHD/W7 | |
| clamor | n | noisy shouting | AHD/W7 | |
| class | n | group sharing same social/economic status | AHD/W7 | |
| clear | adj | bright, luminous | AHD/W7 | |
| conciliate | vb.trans | to gain (e.g. goodwill) by pleasing | AHD/W7 | |
| council | n | meeting/assembly for advice/discussion/consultation | AHD/W7 | |
| declaim | vb | to speak rhetorically | AHD/W7 | |
| declare | vb | to make clear | AHD/W7 | |
| ecclesia | n | church | AHD | |
| eclair | n | oblong cream puff with custard/whipped cream filling | AHD/W7 | |
| exclaim | vb | to speak/cry out in strong/sudden emotion | AHD/W7 | |
| glair | n | (size made from) egg white | AHD/W7 | |
| hale | vb.trans | to haul | AHD/W7 | |
| halyard | n | rope/tackle for hoisting/lowering | AHD/W7 | |
| haul | vb | to pull/draw with force/violence | AHD/OED/W7 | |
| intercalate | vb.trans | to insert (e.g. day) in calendar | AHD/W7 | |
| keelhaul | vb.trans | to haul under ship's keel as torture/punishment | AHD/W7 | |
| low | vb.intrans | to moo | AHD/W7 | |
| nomenclator | n | book containing lists/collections of words | AHD/W7 | |
| Paraclete | prop.n | helper, supporter | AHD/W7 | |
| proclaim | vb.trans | to announce, declare publicly via speech/writing | AHD/W7 | |
| quitclaim | n | transfer of claim/right/title | AHD | |
| reclaim | vb.trans | to reform, recall from wrong/improper conduct | AHD/W7 | |
| reconcile | vb.trans | to restore to harmony/friendship/communion | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | halen | vb | to haul | W7 |
| Dutch: | halen | vb | to haul | W7 |
| kielhalen | vb | to keelhaul | W7 | |
| Old High German: | halōn | vb | to call, fetch | RPN |
| hloen | vb | to low | W7 | |
| hlōon | vb | to low | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | hëllen | vb | to resound | RPN |
| German: | hallen | vb | to resound | LRC |
| Kielholen | vb | to keelhaul | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hjaldr | n.masc | battle | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | hjala | vb | to talk, chatter | RPN |
| Icelandic: | hlōa | vb | to roar | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | acclamo, acclamāre | vb | to acclaim | W7 |
| calendae | n.fem.pl | calends | W7 | |
| calo, calare, calavi, calatus | vb | to call, summon | RPN | |
| clāmo, clāmare | vb | to call, shout, cry out | RPN | |
| clamor, clamoris | n.masc | shout, loud noise | LRC | |
| claro, clarare | vb | to make clear | W7 | |
| clarus | adj | clear, famous | W7 | |
| classis | n.fem | group called to arms, fleet | W7 | |
| concilio, conciliare, conciliavi, conciliatus | vb | to unite, assemble, conciliate | W7 | |
| concilium | n.neut | assembly, council | W7 | |
| dēclāro, dēclārare | vb | to declare, make clear | W7 | |
| exclamo, exclamare | vb | to exclaim | W7 | |
| intercalo, intercalare, intercalavi, intercalatus | vb | to intercalate | W7 | |
| kalendae | n.fem.pl | calends, a day in the Roman calendar | W7 | |
| kalendarium | n.neut | moneylender's account book | W7 | |
| nomenclator | n.masc | caller | W7 | |
| proclamo, proclamare | vb | to proclaim | W7 | |
| reclamo, reclamare | vb | to cry out against | W7 | |
| reconcilio, reconciliare | vb | to repair, reconcile | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | claria | n.fem | glair | W7 |
| Late Latin: | ecclesia | n | church | W7 |
| Paracletus | n.masc | Paraclete | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | kalendarium | n.neut | calendar | W7 |
| Portuguese: | claro | adj | clear | TLL |
| Spanish: | claro | adj | clear | TLL |
| Old French: | clamer | vb | to claim | W7 |
| cler | adj | clear | W7 | |
| concile | n.masc | council | W7 | |
| reclamer | vb | to call back, to claim back | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | calender | n.masc | calendar | W7 |
| Middle French: | clamour | n.fem | loud noise | W7 |
| declarer | vb | to declare | W7 | |
| exclamer | vb | to exclaim | W7 | |
| glaire | n.fem | egg white | W7 | |
| haler | vb | to haul, pull | W7 | |
| Paraclet | n.masc | Paraclete | W7 | |
| proclamer | vb | to proclaim | W7 | |
| réconcilier | vb | to reconcile | W7 | |
| French: | clair | adj | clear | TLL |
| classe | n.fem | class | W7 | |
| éclair | n.masc | lightning | W7 | |
| Italian: | chiaro | adj | clear | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kalbà | n | language | RPN |
| Latvian: | kal’uôt | vb | to chatter | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀνακαλέω | vb | to designate | LRC |
| ekklēsia | n | assembly of citizens | W7 | |
| ἐπίκλησις | n.fem | name, title | LRC | |
| καλέω | vb | to call, summon | LRC | |
| κέλαδος | n | noise | RPN | |
| κολέω | vb | to call, to summon | RPN | |
| parakalein | vb | to comfort | W7 | |
| Paraklētos | n.masc | Paraclete | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | ekklēsia | n | church | W7 |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | kalgalinai- | vb | to clang, clash | RPN |
| kalleš-, kalliš- | vb | to evoke, summon | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |