Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. k̑el- 'cold; warm, caloric'
Semantic Field(s): Cold, Frigid, Hot, Warm
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | hlēo-mǣg | n.masc | lit. protector-kinsman | LRC |
hlēo(w) | n.neut | lee | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | caudel | n | caudle | W7 |
cauderon, caldron | n | cauldron | W7 | |
lee | n | lee | W7 | |
luke | adj | lukewarm | W7 | |
lukewarm | adj | lukewarm | W7 | |
scalden | vb | to scald | W7 | |
English: | calenture | n | tropical fever caused by heat exposure | AHD/W7 |
caloreceptor | n | heat-sensitive sensor | AHD | |
caloric | adj | re: (generating) heat | AHD/W7 | |
calorie | n | measure of heat | AHD/W7 | |
calorific | adj | caloric | AHD/W7 | |
calorimeter | n | apparatus for measuring heat | AHD/W7 | |
calorimetry | n | measuring heat | AHD/W7 | |
caudle | n | drink for invalids | AHD/W7 | |
ca(u)ldron | n | large kettle/boiler | AHD/W7 | |
chafe | vb | to warm | AHD/W7 | |
chauffeur | n | person employed to drive motor vehicle | AHD/W7 | |
chowder | n | thick soup/stew of seafood (e.g. clams) | AHD/W7 | |
decalescence | n | reduced temperature increase due to phase change | AHD | |
incalescent | adj | white, glowing, luminous with heat | AHD/W7 | |
lee | n | protective shelter | AHD/W7 | |
lukewarm | adj | tepid, moderately warm | AHD/W7 | |
nonchalant | adj | apparently unconcerned/indifferent | AHD/W7 | |
recalescence | n | increase in metal temperature caused by phase change | AHD/W7 | |
rechauffe | n | warmed-over food | AHD | |
scald | vb | to burn with steam/hot liquid | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hlī | n | lee | ASD |
Old Saxon: | hleo | n | lee | ASD |
Old High German: | lāo | adj | lukewarm | W7 |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | hæll | n.masc | heel | LRC |
Icelandic: | hlē | n.neut | lee, protected cove | ASD |
hlȳ | n | warmth | ASD | |
hlȳja | vb | to shelter | ASD | |
hlȳr | adj | warm | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | hlija | n | lee, tent | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | calda | n.fem | warm water | W7 |
caldārius, caldāria, caldārium | adj | re: warm(ing) water | CLD | |
cal(e)faciō, calefacere | vb | to chafe, make hot | TLL | |
caleo, calēre | vb | to be warm | W7 | |
calesco, calescere | vb | to become warm | W7 | |
calidus | adj | warm | W7 | |
calor | n.masc | heat | W7 | |
calorificus | adj | that brings warmth | W7 | |
recalesco, recalescere | vb | to grow warm again | W7 | |
Late Latin: | caldaria | n.fem | cauldron, warm bath | W7 |
excaldo, excaldāre | vb | to wash in warm water | W7 | |
Spanish: | calentar | vb | to heat | W7 |
calentura | n.fem | fever (pustule) | Sal/W7 | |
escaldar | vb | to scald | TLL | |
Old French: | chaloir | vb | to concern | W7 |
nonchalant | adj | nonchalant | W7 | |
nonchaloir | vb | to disregard | W7 | |
Old North French: | caudel | n.masc | mixed drink | W7 |
cauderon | n.dim | cauldron | W7 | |
caudiere | n | warm bath | W7 | |
caut | adj | warm | W7 | |
escalder | vb | to wash in warm water | W7 | |
Middle French: | chaufer | vb | to heat | W7 |
French: | calorie | n.fem | calorie | W7 |
calorique | adj | caloric | W7 | |
chaudière | n.fem | bucket | W7 | |
chauffer | vb | to chafe, heat | W7 | |
chauffeur | n.masc | vehicle driver | W7 | |
échauffer | vb | to overheat | TLL | |
nonchalant | adj | relaxed, casual, nonchalant | W7 | |
réchauffé | n | rechauffe | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | šáltas, šaltà | adj | cold | LRC |
šil̃tas, šiltà | adj | warm | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
Sal | = | Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |