Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. kenk- 'heel, hock, back of knee'
Semantic Field(s): Knee
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hēla, hǣla | n.masc | heel | ASD/GED |
| hō(h) | n.masc | heel; promontory | ASD | |
| hōh-sinu | n.fem | Achilles tendon | GED | |
| Middle English: | heel | n | heel | W7 |
| hock, hough | n | hock | W7 | |
| English: | heel | n | back of human foot below ankle/behind arch | AHD/W7 |
| hock | n | tarsal joint/region in hind limb of quadruped (e.g. horse) akin to man's ankle | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hēla, heila | n | heel | ASD |
| hō-sene | n | Achilles tendon | GED | |
| Dutch: | hiel | n | heel | TLL |
| Old High German: | hāhsa | n.wk.fem | hock | GED |
| hahsanon | n | hamstring, heel/hough sinew | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hā-sin | n.fem | hock, Achilles tendon | GED |
| hæll | n | heel | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | hā-sin | n | hamstring, heel/hough sinew | ASD |
| hǣll | n | heel | ASD | |
| Danish: | hael | n | heel | TLL |
| hase | n | hamstring, heel/hough sinew | ASD | |
| Swedish: | häl | n | heel | TLL |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | kaṅkāla | n | skeleton | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
