Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑enk-, k̑onk- 'to hang, sway, dangle'
Semantic Field(s): to Drop
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hangian | vb.wk | to hang | ASD/W7 |
| hengan | vb.wk | to cause to hang | GED | |
| hōn | vb.str.trans | to hang (something) | GED | |
| hongian | vb.wk | to hang | GED | |
| Middle English: | hangen | vb | to hang | W7 |
| heng | n | hinge | W7 | |
| hon | vb.trans | to hang (something) | W7 | |
| English: | hang, hung | vb.str/wk | to suspend, fasten to elevated point without lower support | AHD/W7 |
| hanker | vb.intrans | to desire strongly/persistently | AHD/W7 | |
| hinge | n | jointed/flexible device on which door/lid/swinging part turns | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hangia | vb.wk | to hang | GED |
| hūa | vb.str | to cause to hang | GED | |
| Middle Dutch: | henge | n | hook | W7 |
| vor-hanc | n | curtain | GED | |
| Flemish: | hangen | vb | to hang | W7 |
| hankeren | vb.freq | to hang | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | bi-hangan | vb.past.ptc | caused to hang | GED |
| hangōn | vb.wk | to hang | GED | |
| Old High German: | hāhan | vb.str.trans | to hang (something) | GED |
| hangēn | vb.wk.intrans | to hang | GED | |
| hengen | vb.wk | to cause to hang | GED | |
| Middle High German: | vür-hanc | n.str.masc | curtain | GED |
| German: | hängen | vb | to hang, dangle | LRC |
| Vorhang | n.masc | curtain | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | háski | n.masc | harm, danger | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | hanga | vb.str | to cause to hang | GED |
| hanga | vb.wk | to hang | GED | |
| hengja | vb.wk | to cause to hang | GED | |
| hætta | n | danger | GED | |
| hætta | vb | to run a risk | GED | |
| Icelandic: | hanga | vb | to hang | ASD |
| Swedish: | hänglsen | n.pl | braces | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *at-hahan | vb.str.VII | to set down | GED |
| *hahan | vb.str.VII | to hang, keep in suspense | GED | |
| *hahan | vb.wk.III | to cling to | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cunctor, cunctāri, cunctātus | vb.dep | to hesitate | LRC |
| percūnctor, percunctārī, percunctātus | vb.dep | to inquire | LRC | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | gank- | vb | to hang | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | śaṅkate | vb | to doubt | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| VII | = | class 7 |
| dep | = | deponent |
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |