Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑enk-, k̑onk- 'to hang, sway, dangle'
Semantic Field(s): to Drop
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | hangian | vb.wk | to hang | ASD/W7 |
hengan | vb.wk | to cause to hang | GED | |
hōn | vb.str.trans | to hang (something) | GED | |
hongian | vb.wk | to hang | GED | |
Middle English: | hangen | vb | to hang | W7 |
heng | n | hinge | W7 | |
hon | vb.trans | to hang (something) | W7 | |
English: | hang, hung | vb.str/wk | to suspend, fasten to elevated point without lower support | AHD/W7 |
hanker | vb.intrans | to desire strongly/persistently | AHD/W7 | |
hinge | n | jointed/flexible device on which door/lid/swinging part turns | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hangia | vb.wk | to hang | GED |
hūa | vb.str | to cause to hang | GED | |
Middle Dutch: | henge | n | hook | W7 |
vor-hanc | n | curtain | GED | |
Flemish: | hangen | vb | to hang | W7 |
hankeren | vb.freq | to hang | W7 | |
Old Saxon: | bi-hangan | vb.past.ptc | caused to hang | GED |
hangōn | vb.wk | to hang | GED | |
Old High German: | hāhan | vb.str.trans | to hang (something) | GED |
hangēn | vb.wk.intrans | to hang | GED | |
hengen | vb.wk | to cause to hang | GED | |
Middle High German: | vür-hanc | n.str.masc | curtain | GED |
German: | hängen | vb | to hang, dangle | LRC |
Vorhang | n.masc | curtain | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | háski | n.masc | harm, danger | LRC |
Old Icelandic: | hanga | vb.str | to cause to hang | GED |
hanga | vb.wk | to hang | GED | |
hengja | vb.wk | to cause to hang | GED | |
hætta | n | danger | GED | |
hætta | vb | to run a risk | GED | |
Icelandic: | hanga | vb | to hang | ASD |
Swedish: | hänglsen | n.pl | braces | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *at-hahan | vb.str.VII | to set down | GED |
*hahan | vb.str.VII | to hang, keep in suspense | GED | |
*hahan | vb.wk.III | to cling to | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | cunctor, cunctāri, cunctātus | vb.dep | to hesitate | LRC |
percūnctor, percunctārī, percunctātus | vb.dep | to inquire | LRC | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | gank- | vb | to hang | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | śaṅkate | vb | to doubt | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
III | = | class 3 |
VII | = | class 7 |
dep | = | deponent |
freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
past | = | past (tense) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |