Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. k̑er-, k̑erə-, k̑rē- 'to grow, increase'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | acreuen | vb | to accrue | W7 |
| concrete | adj | concrete | W7 | |
| createn | vb | to create | W7 | |
| cressant | n | crescent | W7 | |
| crue | n | crew, lit. reinforcement | W7 | |
| decreessen | vb | to decrease | W7 | |
| encresen | vb | to increase | W7 | |
| English: | accrete | vb | to grow, adhere, become attached | W7 |
| accretion | n | growth through gradual external addition | AHD | |
| accrue | vb | to become legally enforceable claim | AHD/W7 | |
| cereal | adj | re: grain | AHD/W7 | |
| Ceres | prop.n | goddess of agriculture (Roman mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
| concrescence | n | increase by particle addition | AHD/W7 | |
| concrete | adj | re: coalition of particles into solid mass | AHD/W7 | |
| create | vb.trans | to bring into existence | AHD/W7 | |
| creature | n | something created | AHD/W7 | |
| Creole | prop.n | white person born in American colonies | LRC | |
| crescendo | n | swelling volume of sound | AHD/W7 | |
| crescent | adj | increasing | AHD/W7 | |
| crescent | n | moon phase when illuminated less than half | AHD/W7 | |
| crew | n | band/force of armed men | AHD/W7 | |
| decrease | vb | to grow less | AHD/W7 | |
| Dioscuri | prop.n | twin brothers: Castor and Pollux (Greek mythology) | AHD | |
| griot | n | bard, poet, musician | AHD | |
| hypocorism | n | (use of) pet name | AHD/W7 | |
| increase | vb | to grow, become greater | AHD/W7 | |
| kore | n | (statue of) girl | AHD | |
| kouros | n | (statue of) boy | AHD | |
| procreate | vb | to propagate, produce (offspring) by generation | AHD/W7 | |
| recruit | n | fresh/additional supply | AHD/W7 | |
| sincere | adj | honest, not hypocritical, free of dissimulation | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | hirsi | n | millet | W7 |
| German: | Hirse | n.fem | millet | LRC |
| Rekrut | n.masc | recruit | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | accresco, accrescere | vb | to accrete, increase | W7 |
| cerealis | adj | of Ceres, re: grain | W7 | |
| Ceres | prop.n.fem | goddess of grain/harvest | W7 | |
| concrescentia | n.fem | action of growing | W7 | |
| concresco, concrescere, concrevi, concretus | vb | to grow together | W7 | |
| creō, creāre, creāvī, creātus | vb | to create | W7 | |
| cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus | vb | to grow | W7 | |
| decresco, decrescere | vb | to decrease | W7 | |
| incresco, increscere | vb | to grow | W7 | |
| procreo, procreare, procreavi, procreatus | vb | to create, procreate, engender | W7 | |
| recresco, recrescere | vb | to grow up again | W7 | |
| sincerus | adj | sincere | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | crioulo | n.masc | white person born in the colonies | W7 |
| Spanish: | criollo | adj | Creole | W7 |
| Anglo-French: | decreistre | vb | to decrease | W7 |
| Middle French: | acreistre | vb | to increase | W7 |
| acreue | vb | to accrue, increase | W7 | |
| creissant | adj | that grows | W7 | |
| creistre | vb | to grow, increase | W7 | |
| creue | n.fem | increase | W7 | |
| encreistre | vb | to grow | W7 | |
| recroistre | vb | to grow up again | W7 | |
| recrue | n.fem | fresh growth, new levy of soldiers | W7 | |
| sincere | adj | sincere | W7 | |
| French: | céréale | n.fem | grain, cereal | W7 |
| créole | n.masc | Creole | W7 | |
| recrue | n.fem | new levy of soldiers, a new soldier | W7 | |
| Italian: | crescendo | adj | increasing | W7 |
| crescere | vb | to grow | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | κόρη, κούρη | n.fem | daughter, young girl | LRC |
| κοῦρος | n.masc | son, boy, youth | LRC | |
| Greek: | Dioskouroi | n.masc | Dioscuri, lit. Zeus' sons | W7 |
| korē | n.fem | girl | W7 | |
| korizesthai | vb | to caress | W7 | |
| hypokorizesthai | vb | to call by pet names | W7 | |
| hypokorisma | n.neut | affectionate name | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |