Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑erdho-, k̑erdhā 'line, row, herd'
Semantic Field(s): Line, Crowd, Multitude
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Welsh: | cordd | n | crowd | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | heord | n.str.fem | herd | GED |
| hi(e)rde, heorde, hyrde | n.str.masc | shepherd, herdsman | ASD/GED | |
| scēaphyrde | n.str.masc | shepherd | GED/W7 | |
| Middle English: | herd | n | herd | W7 |
| sheepherde | n | shepherd | W7 | |
| English: | herd | n | animals of one kind (together) | AHD/W7 |
| herd | vb | to move/assemble in herd | W7 | |
| herdsman | n | livestock tender/breeder/manager | W7 | |
| shepherd | n | one who tends/guards sheep | W7 | |
| tree-herd | n | Ent description in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Low Franconian: | herda | n.str.fem | herd | GED |
| Old Saxon: | hirdi | n.str.masc | shepherd | GED |
| Old High German: | herta | n.str.fem | herd | GED |
| hirti | n.str.masc | shepherd | GED | |
| German: | Herde | n.fem | herd, flock | LRC |
| Hirte | n | shepherd | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hjǫrð | n.str.fem | herd, flock | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | hirðir | n.str.masc | shepherd | GED |
| Icelandic: | hirðir | n | shepherd | ASD |
| hjörð | n | herd | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hairda | n.str.fem | herd | LRC |
| hairdeis | n.str.masc | herdsman | LRC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | kērdan | n | time | GED |
| Lithuanian: | (s)ker̃dzius | n | senior shepherd | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | črěda | n | herd, series, daily order | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | κόρθυς | n.fem | sheaf, heap (of wheat) | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | sarəða- | n | type, kind | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | śardha- | n | crowd; might | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
