Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑ered- : k̑erd-, k̑ērd-, k̑r̥d-, k̑red- 'heart'
Semantic Field(s): Heart
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | cretim | vb | to believe | LRC |
| cride | n | heart | RPN | |
| Cornish: | créz | n | middle | RPN |
| Welsh: | craidd | n | heart; center | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hēah-heort | adj | proud | GED |
| heorte | n.wk.fem | heart | LRC | |
| Middle English: | accord | n | chord, accord | W7 |
| accorden | vb | to accord | W7 | |
| concord | n | concord | W7 | |
| corage | n | courage | W7 | |
| cordial | adj | cordial | W7 | |
| credence | n | credence | W7 | |
| credible | adj | credible | W7 | |
| credo | n | credo | W7 | |
| discorden | vb | to discord | W7 | |
| granten | vb | to grant | W7 | |
| hert | n | heart | W7 | |
| miscreaunt | n | miscreant | W7 | |
| querre | n | the guts of the hunted game that the dogs ate | W7 | |
| recorden | vb | to record, lit. to recall | W7 | |
| recreant | adj | recreant | W7 | |
| English: | accord | n | agreement, conformity | AHD/W7 |
| accord | vb | to reconcile, bring into agreement | AHD/W7 | |
| cardia | n | heart | AHD/CDC | |
| cardiac | adj | re: heart | AHD/W7 | |
| cardi(o)- | pfx | heart | AHD/W7 | |
| cardiomegaly | n | abnormal heart enlargement | AHD | |
| concord | n | harmony, state of agreement | AHD/W7 | |
| cordate | adj | heart-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
| cordial | adj | vital, re: heart | AHD/W7 | |
| cordiform | adj | heart-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
| courage | n | mental/moral strength to withstand fear/danger/difficulty | AHD/W7 | |
| credence | n | belief, mental acceptance | AHD/W7 | |
| credible | adj | capable of being believed | AHD/W7 | |
| credit | n | account balance in one's favor | AHD/W7 | |
| credit | vb.trans | to supply goods pending payment | AHD/W7 | |
| credo | n | creed, belief | AHD/W7 | |
| credulous | adj | ready/eager to believe | AHD/W7 | |
| creed | n | (brief statement of) religious belief | LRC | |
| discord | vb.intrans | to clash, disagree | AHD/W7 | |
| endocardium | n | thin serous membrane lining heart cavities | AHD/W7 | |
| epicardium | n | visceral part of pericardium | AHD/W7 | |
| grant | vb.trans | to allow/bring about fulfillment of | AHD/W7 | |
| heart | n | hollow muscular organ that pumps blood in vertebrate animals | AHD/W7 | |
| megalocardia | n | cardiomegaly | AHD | |
| miscreant | adj | heretical, unbelieving | AHD/W7 | |
| misericord | n | small projection on bottom of hinged church seat that helps support standing worshiper when seat is turned up | AHD/W7 | |
| myocardium | n | middle muscular layer of heart wall | AHD/W7 | |
| pericardium | n | conical serous membrane enclosing heart/roots of great blood vessels in vertebrates | AHD/W7 | |
| quarry | n | heap of game killed in hunt | AHD/W7 | |
| record | vb | to set down in writing | AHD/W7 | |
| recreant | adj | cowardly, crying for mercy | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | herte, hirte | n.wk | heart | ASD/GED/RPN |
| Dutch: | hart | n | heart | LRC |
| Old Saxon: | herta | n.wk | heart | GED/RPN |
| Old High German: | herza | n.wk | heart | GED/RPN |
| hrein-herzi | adj | pure of heart | GED | |
| German: | Herz | n.neut | heart | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | hjarta | n.wk | heart | GED/RPN |
| hrein-hjartaðr | adj | pure of heart | GED | |
| Icelandic: | hjarta | n | heart | ASD |
| Danish: | hjerte | n | heart | LRC |
| Swedish: | hjärta | n | heart | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *arma-hairto | adj | merciful | GED |
| hairto | n.wk.neut | heart | GED | |
| hauh-hairei | n.fem | pride | GED | |
| hauh-hairts | adj | proud | GED | |
| *hrainja-hairts | adj | pure in heart | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cardiacus | adj | re: heart | W7 |
| concordia | n.fem | peace, agreement | W7 | |
| concors, concordis | adj | agreeing | W7 | |
| cor, cordis | n.neut | heart | LRC | |
| credibilis | adj | credible | W7 | |
| creditum | n.neut | loan, credit, something entrusted to another | W7 | |
| credo, credere, credidi, creditus | vb | to trust, entrust, believe | W7 | |
| credulus | adj | credulous | W7 | |
| discordo, discordāre | vb | to disagree | W7 | |
| discors, discordis | adj | discordant, disagreeing | W7 | |
| misercordia | n.fem | mercy | W7 | |
| misereor, misereri | vb | to be merciful | W7 | |
| misericors, misericordis | adj | merciful | W7 | |
| recordor, recordāri | vb.dep | to remember | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | accordo, accordāre | vb | to give, allow | W7 |
| credento, credentāre | vb | to believe | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | cordialis | adj | re: heart | W7 |
| credentia | n.fem | belief | W7 | |
| misercordia | n.fem | seat in church | W7 | |
| New Latin: | cordatus | adj | heart-shaped | W7 |
| endocardium | n.neut | membrane lining heart cavities | W7 | |
| epicardium | n.neut | part of heart | W7 | |
| myocardium | n.neut | heart wall's middle muscle layer | W7 | |
| pericardium | n.neut | conical sac enclosing heart | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | crer | vb | to believe | TLL |
| Spanish: | creer | vb | to believe | TLL |
| Old French: | acorder | vb | to give, allow, fit together | W7 |
| acort | n.masc | accord, harmony | W7 | |
| concorde | n.fem | agreement, peace | W7 | |
| corage | n.masc | courage | W7 | |
| creanter | vb | to believe | W7 | |
| cuer | n.masc | heart | W7 | |
| discorder | vb | to discord | W7 | |
| granter | vb | to believe | W7 | |
| recorder | vb | to recall | W7 | |
| Middle French: | credence | n.fem | belief; small piece of furniture | W7 |
| credit | n.masc | credit | W7 | |
| croire | vb | to believe | W7 | |
| cuiriee | n.fem | act of giving something to hounds to devour | W7 | |
| mescreant | adj | not trustworthy | W7 | |
| mescroire | vb | to disbelieve | W7 | |
| recreant | adj | renouncing one's cause | W7 | |
| recroire | vb | to renounce one's cause in a trial by battle | W7 | |
| French: | cordiforme | adj | cordiform | W7 |
| croire | vb | to believe | TLL | |
| Old Italian: | credenza | n.fem | Renaissance side board used for valuable plates | W7 |
| credito | n.masc | credit | W7 | |
| Italian: | credere | vb | to believe | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | seyr | n | heart | GED |
| Lithuanian: | šerdìs | n | heart; marrow | GED |
| širdìs | n | heart | GED | |
| Latvian: | ser̃de | n | heart; marrow | GED |
| sir̃ds | n | heart | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | srьdьce | n | heart | GED |
| srěda | n | midst, middle, center; Wednesday | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | καρδία | n.fem | heart | RPN |
| kardiakos | adj | of the heart | W7 | |
| κῆρ | n | heart | GED | |
| perikardios | adj | around the heart | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | ki-ir, kar-ti-ya-aš | n | heart | RPN |
| Palaic: | ka-a-ar-ti | n.dat/loc.sg | heart | RPN |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | sirt | n | heart | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | zərəd- | n | heart | RPN |
| zraz-dā- | vb | to believe | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | śrad-dhā́- | n | faith | LRC |
| hŕ̥d- | n | heart | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| loc | = | locative (case) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
