Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑ered- : k̑erd-, k̑ērd-, k̑r̥d-, k̑red- 'heart'
Semantic Field(s): Heart
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | cretim | vb | to believe | LRC |
cride | n | heart | RPN | |
Cornish: | créz | n | middle | RPN |
Welsh: | craidd | n | heart; center | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | hēah-heort | adj | proud | GED |
heorte | n.wk.fem | heart | LRC | |
Middle English: | accord | n | chord, accord | W7 |
accorden | vb | to accord | W7 | |
concord | n | concord | W7 | |
corage | n | courage | W7 | |
cordial | adj | cordial | W7 | |
credence | n | credence | W7 | |
credible | adj | credible | W7 | |
credo | n | credo | W7 | |
discorden | vb | to discord | W7 | |
granten | vb | to grant | W7 | |
hert | n | heart | W7 | |
miscreaunt | n | miscreant | W7 | |
querre | n | the guts of the hunted game that the dogs ate | W7 | |
recorden | vb | to record, lit. to recall | W7 | |
recreant | adj | recreant | W7 | |
English: | accord | n | agreement, conformity | AHD/W7 |
accord | vb | to reconcile, bring into agreement | AHD/W7 | |
cardia | n | heart | AHD/CDC | |
cardiac | adj | re: heart | AHD/W7 | |
cardi(o)- | pfx | heart | AHD/W7 | |
cardiomegaly | n | abnormal heart enlargement | AHD | |
concord | n | harmony, state of agreement | AHD/W7 | |
cordate | adj | heart-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
cordial | adj | vital, re: heart | AHD/W7 | |
cordiform | adj | heart-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
courage | n | mental/moral strength to withstand fear/danger/difficulty | AHD/W7 | |
credence | n | belief, mental acceptance | AHD/W7 | |
credible | adj | capable of being believed | AHD/W7 | |
credit | n | account balance in one's favor | AHD/W7 | |
credit | vb.trans | to supply goods pending payment | AHD/W7 | |
credo | n | creed, belief | AHD/W7 | |
credulous | adj | ready/eager to believe | AHD/W7 | |
creed | n | (brief statement of) religious belief | LRC | |
discord | vb.intrans | to clash, disagree | AHD/W7 | |
endocardium | n | thin serous membrane lining heart cavities | AHD/W7 | |
epicardium | n | visceral part of pericardium | AHD/W7 | |
grant | vb.trans | to allow/bring about fulfillment of | AHD/W7 | |
heart | n | hollow muscular organ that pumps blood in vertebrate animals | AHD/W7 | |
megalocardia | n | cardiomegaly | AHD | |
miscreant | adj | heretical, unbelieving | AHD/W7 | |
misericord | n | small projection on bottom of hinged church seat that helps support standing worshiper when seat is turned up | AHD/W7 | |
myocardium | n | middle muscular layer of heart wall | AHD/W7 | |
pericardium | n | conical serous membrane enclosing heart/roots of great blood vessels in vertebrates | AHD/W7 | |
quarry | n | heap of game killed in hunt | AHD/W7 | |
record | vb | to set down in writing | AHD/W7 | |
recreant | adj | cowardly, crying for mercy | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | herte, hirte | n.wk | heart | ASD/GED/RPN |
Dutch: | hart | n | heart | LRC |
Old Saxon: | herta | n.wk | heart | GED/RPN |
Old High German: | herza | n.wk | heart | GED/RPN |
hrein-herzi | adj | pure of heart | GED | |
German: | Herz | n.neut | heart | ASD |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | hjarta | n.wk | heart | GED/RPN |
hrein-hjartaðr | adj | pure of heart | GED | |
Icelandic: | hjarta | n | heart | ASD |
Danish: | hjerte | n | heart | LRC |
Swedish: | hjärta | n | heart | LRC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *arma-hairto | adj | merciful | GED |
hairto | n.wk.neut | heart | GED | |
hauh-hairei | n.fem | pride | GED | |
hauh-hairts | adj | proud | GED | |
*hrainja-hairts | adj | pure in heart | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | cardiacus | adj | re: heart | W7 |
concordia | n.fem | peace, agreement | W7 | |
concors, concordis | adj | agreeing | W7 | |
cor, cordis | n.neut | heart | LRC | |
credibilis | adj | credible | W7 | |
creditum | n.neut | loan, credit, something entrusted to another | W7 | |
credo, credere, credidi, creditus | vb | to trust, entrust, believe | W7 | |
credulus | adj | credulous | W7 | |
discordo, discordāre | vb | to disagree | W7 | |
discors, discordis | adj | discordant, disagreeing | W7 | |
misercordia | n.fem | mercy | W7 | |
misereor, misereri | vb | to be merciful | W7 | |
misericors, misericordis | adj | merciful | W7 | |
recordor, recordāri | vb.dep | to remember | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | accordo, accordāre | vb | to give, allow | W7 |
credento, credentāre | vb | to believe | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | cordialis | adj | re: heart | W7 |
credentia | n.fem | belief | W7 | |
misercordia | n.fem | seat in church | W7 | |
New Latin: | cordatus | adj | heart-shaped | W7 |
endocardium | n.neut | membrane lining heart cavities | W7 | |
epicardium | n.neut | part of heart | W7 | |
myocardium | n.neut | heart wall's middle muscle layer | W7 | |
pericardium | n.neut | conical sac enclosing heart | W7 | |
Portuguese: | crer | vb | to believe | TLL |
Spanish: | creer | vb | to believe | TLL |
Old French: | acorder | vb | to give, allow, fit together | W7 |
acort | n.masc | accord, harmony | W7 | |
concorde | n.fem | agreement, peace | W7 | |
corage | n.masc | courage | W7 | |
creanter | vb | to believe | W7 | |
cuer | n.masc | heart | W7 | |
discorder | vb | to discord | W7 | |
granter | vb | to believe | W7 | |
recorder | vb | to recall | W7 | |
Middle French: | credence | n.fem | belief; small piece of furniture | W7 |
credit | n.masc | credit | W7 | |
croire | vb | to believe | W7 | |
cuiriee | n.fem | act of giving something to hounds to devour | W7 | |
mescreant | adj | not trustworthy | W7 | |
mescroire | vb | to disbelieve | W7 | |
recreant | adj | renouncing one's cause | W7 | |
recroire | vb | to renounce one's cause in a trial by battle | W7 | |
French: | cordiforme | adj | cordiform | W7 |
croire | vb | to believe | TLL | |
Old Italian: | credenza | n.fem | Renaissance side board used for valuable plates | W7 |
credito | n.masc | credit | W7 | |
Italian: | credere | vb | to believe | TLL |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | seyr | n | heart | GED |
Lithuanian: | šerdìs | n | heart; marrow | GED |
širdìs | n | heart | GED | |
Latvian: | ser̃de | n | heart; marrow | GED |
sir̃ds | n | heart | GED | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | srьdьce | n | heart | GED |
srěda | n | midst, middle, center; Wednesday | RPN | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | καρδία | n.fem | heart | RPN |
kardiakos | adj | of the heart | W7 | |
κῆρ | n | heart | GED | |
perikardios | adj | around the heart | W7 | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | ki-ir, kar-ti-ya-aš | n | heart | RPN |
Palaic: | ka-a-ar-ti | n.dat/loc.sg | heart | RPN |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | sirt | n | heart | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | zərəd- | n | heart | RPN |
zraz-dā- | vb | to believe | LRC | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | śrad-dhā́- | n | faith | LRC |
hŕ̥d- | n | heart | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
dat | = | dative (case) |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
loc | = | locative (case) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
sg | = | singular (number) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |