Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. keu-, skeu-, lengthened grade kēu- 'to see, hear, observe, hearken, attend to'
Semantic Field(s): to See, to Hear, to Listen, Harken
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | ælf-scīene, ælf-scīeno | adj | beautiful, of elfin beauty | ASD |
gehīeran, gehīerede, gehīered | vb.wk.I | to hear (of) | LRC | |
gehīran, gehȳran, gehēran | vb.wk.I | to hear (of) | ASD | |
hāwian | vb.wk | to show | ASD/GED | |
he(o)rcnian | vb.wk | to hearken | ASD/W7 | |
hīeran, hīerde, hīered | vb.wk.I | to hear, obey; belong | LRC | |
scēawian | vb.wk | to show | ASD/GED | |
scīene | adj | splendid, beautiful | GED | |
Middle English: | heren | vb | to hear | W7 |
herknen | vb | to hearken | W7 | |
shene | n | sheen | W7 | |
shewen, showen | vb | to show | W7 | |
skawage | n | scavage | W7 | |
skawager | n | scavager | W7 | |
English: | acoustic | adj | re: sense/organs of sound/hearing | AHD/W7 |
caution | n | admonishment, warning | AHD/W7 | |
caveat | n | warning prohibiting certain acts/practices | AHD/W7 | |
hear | vb | to perceive/apprehend by ear | AHD/W7 | |
hearken | vb | to listen, give ear | AHD/W7 | |
kudos | n | glory, fame/renown resulting from act/achievement | AHD/W7 | |
precaution | n | foresight, care taken in advance | AHD/W7 | |
scavage | n | toll/duty on nonresident merchant's goods | W2I | |
scavager | n | scavage collector | W2I | |
scavenger | n | one employed to remove dirt/refuse from street | AHD/W7 | |
scone | n | quick bread of oatmeal/barley flour baked on griddle | AHD/W7 | |
sheen | adj | beautiful, resplendent | AHD/W7 | |
show | vb | to see, behold, look at; display, exhibit | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hēra | vb | to hear | GED |
skāwia, scowia | vb | to show | ASD/GED | |
skēne | adj | splendid, beautiful | GED | |
Dutch: | hooren | vb | to hear | TLL |
schoon | adj | pure, clean | W7 | |
schoonbrood | n | fine white bread | W7 | |
schouwburg | n | theater | TLL | |
Flemish: | scauwen | vb | to show | AHD |
Old Saxon: | hōrian | vb | to hear | GED |
ska(u)wōn | vb | to show | ASD/GED | |
skōni | adj | splendid, beautiful | GED | |
Old Low German: | scauwōn, scouwōn | vb | to show | ASD |
Old High German: | hōrechen | vb | to listen | W7 |
hōren | vb.wk | to hear | GED | |
scōni | adj | splendid, beautiful | GED | |
scōnī | n.fem | splendor, beauty | GED | |
scouwōn, sca(u)wōn | vb.wk | to show | ASD/GED | |
German: | hören | vb | to hear | LRC |
schauen | vb | to show | LRC | |
schön | adj | sheen, splendid | LRC | |
Schöne | n.fem | beauty | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | heyra, heyrað | vb | to hear (of) | LRC |
skoða, skoðað | vb | to show, spy | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | skygn | adj | smart, sharp-sighted | GED |
Danish: | høre | vb | to hear | TLL |
Swedish: | höra | vb | to hear | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | hausjan | vb.wk.I | to hear | LRC |
*skauns | adj | beautiful | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | cautio | n.fem | precaution | W7 |
cautus | vb.ptc/adj | cautious, on guard | W7 | |
caveo, cavēre | vb | to take heed, be on guard | W7 | |
praecaveo, praecavēre, praecāvī, praecautus | vb | to guard against | W7 | |
Late Latin: | praecautio, praecautionis | n.fem | precaution | W7 |
Old North French: | escauwage | n.masc | inspection | W7 |
French: | précaution | n.fem | precaution | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Latvian: | kavēt | vb | to delay | GED |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | čudo | n | wonder | GED |
čujǫ | vb | to perceive | GED | |
Russian: | čuchatь | vb | to perceive | GED |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | akoustikos | adj | of hearing | W7 |
ἀκούω | vb | to hear, listen | LRC | |
θυοσκόος | n.masc | sacrificing priest | GED | |
κοέω | vb | to note, notice | GED | |
κῦδος | n.neut | glory, renown | GED | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | c̣uc̣anem | vb | to show | GED |
Iranian | ||||
Old Iranian: | *skau̯aþa- | n | splendor, majesty | GED |
Middle Iranian: | škōh | n | splendor, majesty | GED |
New Persian: | šukōh, šikōh | n | splendor, majesty | GED |
Avestan: | čəvīšī | vb.1.sg.past | I hoped | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ā-kúvate | vb | to intend | GED |
kaví- | n | wise, seer | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
1 | = | 1st person |
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
past | = | past (tense) |
ptc | = | participle |
sg | = | singular (number) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |