Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. keu-, keu̯ə- 'to bend'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Breton: | komb | n | coomb | IEW |
| Welsh: | cwm(m) | n.masc | coomb | ASD/IEW |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | comb, cumb | n.masc | coomb | ASD/IEW |
| hē(a)h | adj | high | ASD | |
| hīehð(u), hīehþo | n | height | RPN | |
| hof | n.neut | court, dwelling | LRC | |
| hōp | n.masc | hoop, ring, circle | IEW | |
| hōpig | adj | in hills and hollows (re: waves) | ASD/IEW | |
| hype | n.masc | hip, haunch, upper thigh | ASD/IEW | |
| Middle English: | combe | n | coomb | LRC |
| high | adj | high | W7 | |
| hip | n | hip | W7 | |
| hoblen | vb | to hobble | W7 | |
| hoop | n | hoop | W7 | |
| Slocombe | prop.n | Slocum | LRC | |
| English: | Combe | prop.n | valley-town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| coomb, comb(e) | n | vale, basin, hollow, valley | IEW | |
| high | adj | elevated, raised/extending up | W7 | |
| hip | n | leg-body joint at pelvis | LRC | |
| hobble | vb | to limp, be lame/unsteady | IEW/W7 | |
| hoop | n | band, circular strip | IEW/W7 | |
| Howe | prop.n | (Snowmane's) barrow in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| how(e) | n | hill, mound, barrow, tumulus | ODE | |
| Slocum | prop.n | surname, lit. Plum Valley | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hāch, hāg | adj | high | ASD/RPN |
| hof | n | house, hall, dwelling | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | hoep | n | hoop, ring | W7 |
| Dutch: | heup | n | hip | TLL |
| heuvel | n | howe | TLL | |
| hoep | n | hoop, ring | IEW | |
| kom | n.fem | coomb, basin | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | hof | n | house, hall, dwelling | ASD |
| hōh | adj | high | RPN | |
| Old High German: | chumph | n | coomb, basin | ASD |
| hof | n | court, house, hall | ASD | |
| hōh | adj | high | RPN | |
| houc | n | hill | RPN | |
| huf | n.fem | hip, haunch | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | kumpf | n | vessel, dry measure | ASD |
| German: | erhöhen | vb.trans | to increase | TLL |
| hoch | adj | high | ASD | |
| Hof | n | court, house, hall | ASD | |
| Höhe | n | height | TLL | |
| Hüfte | n.fem | hip, haunch | ASD | |
| Hügel | n | howe | TLL | |
| Kump(f) | n.masc | cup, bowl, basin | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | haugr | n.masc | howe, grave | LRC |
| hof | n.neut | farm, farmstead; temple | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | hár | adj | high | RPN |
| Icelandic: | hār | adj | high | ASD |
| hof | n | temple | ASD | |
| huppr | n.masc | hip, haunch | ASD | |
| Faeroese: | háur | adj | high | RPN |
| Norwegian: | høg | adj | high | RPN |
| Danish: | hofte | n | hip | TLL |
| høg | adj | high | RPN | |
| Swedish: | höft | n | hip | TLL |
| hög | adj | high | RPN | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hauhei | n | height | RPN |
| hauhs | adj | high | LRC | |
| hiuhma | n | heap, multitude | RPN | |
| hūhjan | vb | to heap up, store up | RPN | |
| hups | n.masc | hip, haunch | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | combe | n | coomb | ASD |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | káugė | n | large stack of hay | RPN |
| kaukarà | n | hill | RPN | |
| kaũkas | n | boil, swelling | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | κύμβαλον | n.neut | cymbal | LRC |
| παρακύπτω | vb | to bend down | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | kumbha | n.masc | pot, jug | ASD |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | kauc | adj/adv | high, up, above | RPN |
| Tocharian A: | koc | adj/adv | high, up, above | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
