Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: klēg-, klōg-, kləg-, klang-, kleg-, klōg-, kleig-, kleik- 'to cry, shout, scream'
Semantic Field(s): to Call, Summon
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | clocc | n | bell | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cloccian | vb | to cluck | IEW |
| hleahtor, hlehter | n.masc | laughter, jubilation | ASD | |
| hliehhan, hilehhan | vb | to laugh | W7 | |
| hlōwan | vb.str | to low, moo | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | clok | n | clock | W7 |
| laughen | vb | to laugh | W7 | |
| laughter | n | laughter | W7 | |
| English: | clang | vb | to make loud metallic ringing sound | AHD/W7 |
| claxon | n | loud electric horn | LRC | |
| clock | n | time-keeping device | LRC | |
| cluck | vb | to sound like hen | W7 | |
| laugh | vb | to show mirth/joy/scorn with chuckle/loud sound | AHD/W7 | |
| laughter | n | (sound of) laughing | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | clock | vb | to cluck | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | clocke | n | bell, clock | W7 |
| Old High German: | hlahter | n | laughter | ASD |
| hlōon | vb | to low | ASD | |
| lachēn | vb | to laugh | W7 | |
| German: | Glocke | n | bell, gong, clock | LRC |
| glucken | vb | to cluck | ASD | |
| lachen | vb | to laugh | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hlæja | vb | to laugh | LRC |
| Icelandic: | hlātr | n | laughter | ASD |
| hlōa | vb | to roar | ASD | |
| klókkva | vb | to cluck | ASD | |
| Danish: | klukke | vb | to cluck | ASD |
| Swedish: | klocka | n | clock, watch | TLL |
| klokka, klukka | vb | to cluck | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Crimean Gothic: | lachen | vb | to laugh | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | clango, clangere | vb | to make noise | W7 |
| glocire | vb | to cluck | ASD | |
| Middle Latin: | clocca | n | bell | W7 |
| Old North French: | cloque | n | bell | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | klazein | vb | to scream, bark | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |