Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: klēg-, klōg-, kləg-, klang-, kleg-, klōg-, kleig-, kleik- 'to cry, shout, scream'
Semantic Field(s): to Call, Summon
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Middle Irish: | clocc | n | bell | W7 |
English | ||||
Old English: | cloccian | vb | to cluck | IEW |
hleahtor, hlehter | n.masc | laughter, jubilation | ASD | |
hliehhan, hilehhan | vb | to laugh | W7 | |
hlōwan | vb.str | to low, moo | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | clok | n | clock | W7 |
laughen | vb | to laugh | W7 | |
laughter | n | laughter | W7 | |
English: | clang | vb | to make loud metallic ringing sound | AHD/W7 |
claxon | n | loud electric horn | LRC | |
clock | n | time-keeping device | LRC | |
cluck | vb | to sound like hen | W7 | |
laugh | vb | to show mirth/joy/scorn with chuckle/loud sound | AHD/W7 | |
laughter | n | (sound of) laughing | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | clock | vb | to cluck | ASD |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | clocke | n | bell, clock | W7 |
Old High German: | hlahter | n | laughter | ASD |
hlōon | vb | to low | ASD | |
lachēn | vb | to laugh | W7 | |
German: | Glocke | n | bell, gong, clock | LRC |
glucken | vb | to cluck | ASD | |
lachen | vb | to laugh | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | hlæja | vb | to laugh | LRC |
Icelandic: | hlātr | n | laughter | ASD |
hlōa | vb | to roar | ASD | |
klókkva | vb | to cluck | ASD | |
Danish: | klukke | vb | to cluck | ASD |
Swedish: | klocka | n | clock, watch | TLL |
klokka, klukka | vb | to cluck | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Crimean Gothic: | lachen | vb | to laugh | CGo |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | clango, clangere | vb | to make noise | W7 |
glocire | vb | to cluck | ASD | |
Middle Latin: | clocca | n | bell | W7 |
Old North French: | cloque | n | bell | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | klazein | vb | to scream, bark | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |