Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑lei- 'to lean, incline, tip (over)'
Semantic Field(s): to Lie, Recline
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hlǣder, hlæd(d)er, hlæddre | n.fem | ladder | ASD/W7 |
| hlǣnan | vb.wk.trans | to lean (something) | ASD/KEW | |
| hlǣne | adj | lean, meager | KEW | |
| hlǣnian | vb.wk | to make/become lean | ASD | |
| hlǣw, hlāw, hlāu, hlēw | n.str.masc | mound | ASD | |
| hlid | n.neut | lid | ASD/W7 | |
| hlinian, hleonian | vb.wk | to lean | ASD/W7 | |
| hlið | n.neut | cliff, hill | LRC | |
| Middle English: | client | n | client | W7 |
| climat | n | climate | W7 | |
| declinen | vb | to decline | W7 | |
| inclinen | vb | to incline | W7 | |
| ladder | n | ladder | W7 | |
| lene | adj | lean | W7 | |
| lenen | vb | to lean | W7 | |
| lid | n | lid | W7 | |
| reclinen | vb | to recline | W7 | |
| English: | acclimate | vb | to adapt, become accustomed | AHD |
| acclivity | n | ascending slope | AHD/W7 | |
| anaclisis | n | psychological dependence on others | AHD | |
| androclinium | n | a.k.a. clinandrium | AHD | |
| client | n | vassal, dependent, person under protection | AHD/W7 | |
| climate | n | (region of earth having) specified long-term weather | AHD/W7 | |
| climax | n | arrangement of phrases/sentences by ascending rhetorical force | AHD/W7 | |
| -clinal | adj.sfx | sloping | AHD/W7 | |
| clinandrium | n | hollow containing anther in upper part of orchid column | AHD | |
| cline | n | graded series of differences exhibited by group of related organisms | AHD/W7 | |
| -clinic | adj.sfx | dipping, inclining | AHD/W7 | |
| clinic | n | medical instruction with patients discussed/examined | AHD/W7 | |
| clisis | n | process of making/becoming a clitic | AHD | |
| clitellum | n | epidermal region in worm where viscous fluid forms egg cocoon | AHD | |
| clitoris | n | small organ in vulva homologous to penis | AHD/W7 | |
| decline | vb | to stray, turn from straight course | AHD/W7 | |
| declivity | n | downward inclination | AHD/W7 | |
| diclinous | adj | diclinic; unisexual: having only pistils or stamens | AHD/CDC | |
| enclitic | adj | pronounced as part of preceding word | AHD/W7 | |
| incline | vb | to bow, bend head/body forward | AHD/W7 | |
| ladder | n | structure for climbing: 2 long sidepieces joined by crosswise steps | AHD/W7 | |
| lean, leant | vb.wk | to bend/incline/deviate from vertical | AHD/W7 | |
| lean | adj | with little/no fat, lacking/deficient in flesh | W7 | |
| lid | n | movable cover for opening of hollow structure (e.g. box) | AHD/W7 | |
| matriclinous | adj | having maternal hereditary traits | AHD | |
| monoclinous | adj | having stamens/pistils in same flower | AHD/W7 | |
| pericline | n | albite occurring in elongated opaque white crystals | AHD/W7 | |
| proclitic | adj | pronounced as part of following word | AHD/W7 | |
| proclivity | n | inclination/predisposition toward something | AHD/W7 | |
| recline | vb | to incline backwards | AHD/W7 | |
| triclinium | n | 3-part couch for reclining at meals | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hladder, hleder | n | ladder | ASD |
| Dutch: | leunen | vb | to lean | LRC |
| leuning | n | bannister | LRC | |
| Old Saxon: | hlēwe | n | grave | ASD |
| hlinon | vb | to lean | ASD | |
| Old High German: | hlē, lēo | n | mound, grave-hill, memorial | KDW |
| hlēo | n | mound | ASD | |
| hlinēn | vb | to lean | W7 | |
| hlit | n | lid, cover | W7 | |
| hlīta | n | hill, slope | ASD | |
| leinen | vb | to lean | KDW | |
| leitara, hleitar | n | ladder | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Lehne | n.fem | support, backrest | LRC |
| lehnen | vb | to lean, recline | LRC | |
| Leite | n | hill, slope | ASD | |
| Leiter | n | ladder | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hlaiwa | n | grave | KNW |
| hlein | n | leaning-place (e.g. hill, rock) | KNW | |
| Icelandic: | hlið | n | gate(way) | ASD |
| hlīð | n | slope, mountainside | ASD | |
| Danish: | læne | vb | to lean | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hlain(s) | n | hill | KGW |
| hlaiw | n | tomb, grave | ASD | |
| hlaiwasna | n | grave, sepulcher | ASD | |
| hleiduma | adj/n.fem | left; left hand/side | LRC | |
| *hlija | n.masc | tent, tabernacle | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | acclivis | adj | ascending | W7 |
| acclivitas | n.fem | ascent | W7 | |
| cliens, clientis | n.masc | client | LRC | |
| clino, clināre | vb | to bend, incline | W7 | |
| clivus | n.masc | hill, slope | W7 | |
| declino, declināre | vb | to decline, inflect, turn aside | W7 | |
| declivis | adj | sloping down | W7 | |
| declivitas, declivitatis | n.fem | declivity | W7 | |
| inclino, inclināre | vb | to incline | W7 | |
| proclivis | adj | prone, sloping | W7 | |
| proclivitas | n.fem | proclivity | W7 | |
| reclino, reclinare | vb | to recline, lean back | W7 | |
| triclinium | n.neut | dining room | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | clima, climatis | n.neut | climate, latitude, inclination | W7 |
| -cliticus | sfx | falling, bending towards | W7 | |
| encliticus | adj | enclitic | W7 | |
| New Latin: | -clinus | sfx | inclined, -clinous | W7 |
| clitoris | n.fem | clitoris | W7 | |
| monoclinus | adj | monoclinous | W7 | |
| procliticus | adj | proclitic, inclined towards front | W7 | |
| Middle French: | client | n.masc | client; customer | W7 |
| climat | n.masc | climate | W7 | |
| decliner | vb | to decay, decline | W7 | |
| incliner | vb | to incline | W7 | |
| recliner | vb | to recline | W7 | |
| French: | clinique | n.fem | medical office | W7 |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | klimë | n.fem | climate | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀνακλίνω | vb | to lay down | LRC |
| anaklisis | n | anaclisis, lit. leaning on/back | AHD | |
| enklinesthai | vb | to lean on | W7 | |
| enklitikos | adj | leaning on | W7 | |
| kleitoris | n.fem | clitoris | W7 | |
| klima, klimatos | n.neut | climate, latitude, inclination | W7 | |
| klimax | n.fem | ladder | W7 | |
| klinein | vb | to bend | W7 | |
| klinē | n.fem | bed | W7 | |
| klinikē | n.fem | clinic, medical practice at sickbed | W7 | |
| klinikos | adj | re: bed | W7 | |
| periklinēs | adj | sloping on all sides | W7 | |
| triklinion | adj | dining room with three beds | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | leaṙn | n | mountain | LRC |
| linim | vb | to be, exist | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
