Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: klēu-, also klĕu-?, and klāu- 'hook, crook'
Semantic Field(s): Hook, Crook
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | clause | n | clause | W7 |
cloistre | n | cloister | W7 | |
clos | adj/n | close | W7 | |
closen | vb | to close | W7 | |
closet | n | closet | W7 | |
closure | n | closure | W7 | |
clowe | n | clove | W7 | |
conclave | n | conclave | W7 | |
concluden | vb | to conclude | W7 | |
excluden | vb | to exclude | W7 | |
includen | vb | to include | W7 | |
recluse | n | recluse | W7 | |
secluden | vb | to seclude | W7 | |
English: | clafouti(s) | n | French baked-fruit dessert | AHD |
clathrate | adj | resembling a lattice | AHD/W7 | |
clause | n | separate section of discourse/writing | AHD/W7 | |
claustrophobia | n | abnormal fear of closed/narrow spaces | W7 | |
clavate | adj | claviform, gradually thickening near distal end | AHD/W7 | |
clavichord | n | early keyboard instrument | AHD/W7 | |
clavicle | n | bone of vertebrate shoulder girdle linking scapula/sternum | AHD/W7 | |
clavier | n | keyboard of musical instrument | AHD/W7 | |
claviform | adj | club-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
clef | n | sign at beginning of musical staff | AHD/W7 | |
cleistogamous | adj | re: flower self-pollinated in bud | AHD | |
cleistothecium | n | closed spherical ascocarp | AHD | |
cloisonne | n | multicolored enamel/metal decoration | AHD/W7 | |
cloister | n | monastic establishment | AHD/W7 | |
close | adj | closed, having no openings | AHD/W7 | |
close | n | enclosed area | AHD/W7 | |
close | vb | to move to bar access/passage | AHD/W7 | |
closet | n | apartment/small room for privacy | AHD/W7 | |
closure | n | enclosure, means of enclosing | AHD/W7 | |
clove | n | dried flower bud of tropical tree | AHD/W7 | |
cloze | adj | re: reading test where subject supplies missing words | AHD | |
conclave | n | private/secret meeting/assembly | AHD/W7 | |
conclude | vb | to enclose, shut up | AHD/W7 | |
eclosion | n | hatching from egg, emerging from pupal case | AHD/W7 | |
enclave | n | culturally/territorially distinct unit inside foreign territory | AHD/W7 | |
exclude | vb.trans | to shut out | AHD/W7 | |
include | vb.trans | to enclose, shut up | AHD/W7 | |
kevel | n | sturdy belaying pin | AHD | |
occlude | vb | to obstruct, stop up | AHD/W7 | |
ophicleide | n | brass wind instrument | AHD/W7 | |
preclude | vb.trans | to close | AHD/W7 | |
recluse | adj | solitary, withdrawn from society | AHD/W7 | |
seclude | vb.trans | to keep away, confine in retired/inaccessible place | AHD/W7 | |
sluice | n | water gate, valved conduit | TLL | |
sternocleidomastoid | n | neck muscle that rotates head | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | sleutel | n | key | TLL |
slot | n | castle | TLL | |
Old High German: | sliozan | vb | to close | W7 |
sloz | n | lock, bolt | KDW | |
sluzzil | n | key | KDW | |
German: | Klavier | n.neut | clavier, piano | W7 |
Schloss | n | lock; castle | TLL | |
Schlüssel | n | key | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | hlutr | n.masc | part, piece, thing | LRC |
Danish: | slot | n | castle | TLL |
Swedish: | slott | n | castle | TLL |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | chorda | n.fem | string | W7 |
clathri | n.masc.pl | lattices | W7 | |
claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus | vb | to close | W7 | |
claustrum | n.neut | bar, bolt | W7 | |
clausula | n.fem | end, conclusion, end of period in rhetoric | W7 | |
clava | n.fem | club | W7 | |
clavicula | n.fem | little key, clavicle | W7 | |
clavis | n.fem | key | W7 | |
clavus | n.masc | nail, knot in wood | W7 | |
concludo, concludere | vb | to shut up, end, infer | W7 | |
excludo, excludere | vb | to exclude, shut out | W7 | |
includo, includere | vb | to shut in | W7 | |
occludo, occludere | vb | to close | W7 | |
praecludo, praecludere | vb | to shut in | W7 | |
secludo, secludere | vb | to separate, seclude | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | inclavo, inclavare | vb | to lock up | W7 |
Late Latin: | recludo, recludere, reclusi, reclusus | vb | to shut up | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | clausa | n.fem | close of rhetorical period | W7 |
claustrum | n.neut | cloister | W7 | |
clavichordium | n.neut | clavichord | W7 | |
New Latin: | clavatus | vb.ptc | nailed in wood | W7 |
Portuguese: | chave | n | key | TLL |
claustro | n | cloister | TLL | |
Spanish: | claustro | n | cloister | TLL |
esclusa | n | canal lock | TLL | |
llave | n | key | TLL | |
Old French: | clause | n.fem | clause | W7 |
clavier | n.masc | key bearer | W7 | |
cloistre | n.masc | cloister | W7 | |
clore, clos | vb | to close | W7 | |
reclus | adj | shut up | W7 | |
Middle French: | clos | n.masc | enclosure | W7 |
closet | n.masc | closet | W7 | |
closure | n.fem | fence | W7 | |
conclave | n.masc | conclave, enclosed reunion | W7 | |
enclave | n.fem | enclave, enclosed space | W7 | |
enclaver | vb | to enclose | W7 | |
French: | clavicule | n.fem | clavicle | W7 |
clavier | n.masc | keyboard | W7 | |
clef | n.fem | key | W7 | |
cloisonner | vb | to partition, fence in | W7 | |
cloître | n | cloister | TLL | |
clôture | n.fem | fence | W7 | |
éclosion | n.fem | eclosion | W7 | |
écluse | n | canal lock | TLL | |
enclave | n.fem | enclave, enclosed area | W7 | |
ophicléide | adj | re: genus of snake | W7 | |
Italian: | chiave | n | key | TLL |
chiostro | n | cloister | TLL | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | kleiein | vb | to close | W7 |
kleis, kleidos | n.fem | key; collarbone | W7 | |
klēithron | n.neut | bar | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |