Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: klēu-, also klĕu-?, and klāu- 'hook, crook'
Semantic Field(s): Hook, Crook
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | clause | n | clause | W7 |
| cloistre | n | cloister | W7 | |
| clos | adj/n | close | W7 | |
| closen | vb | to close | W7 | |
| closet | n | closet | W7 | |
| closure | n | closure | W7 | |
| clowe | n | clove | W7 | |
| conclave | n | conclave | W7 | |
| concluden | vb | to conclude | W7 | |
| excluden | vb | to exclude | W7 | |
| includen | vb | to include | W7 | |
| recluse | n | recluse | W7 | |
| secluden | vb | to seclude | W7 | |
| English: | clafouti(s) | n | French baked-fruit dessert | AHD |
| clathrate | adj | resembling a lattice | AHD/W7 | |
| clause | n | separate section of discourse/writing | AHD/W7 | |
| claustrophobia | n | abnormal fear of closed/narrow spaces | W7 | |
| clavate | adj | claviform, gradually thickening near distal end | AHD/W7 | |
| clavichord | n | early keyboard instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| clavicle | n | bone of vertebrate shoulder girdle linking scapula/sternum | AHD/W7 | |
| clavier | n | keyboard of musical instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| claviform | adj | club-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
| clef | n | sign at beginning of musical staff | AHD/W7 | |
| cleistogamous | adj | re: flower self-pollinated in bud | AHD | |
| cleistothecium | n | closed spherical ascocarp | AHD | |
| cloisonne | n | multicolored enamel/metal decoration | AHD/W7 | |
| cloister | n | monastic establishment | AHD/W7 | |
| close | adj | closed, having no openings | AHD/W7 | |
| close | n | enclosed area | AHD/W7 | |
| close | vb | to move to bar access/passage | AHD/W7 | |
| closet | n | apartment/small room for privacy | AHD/W7 | |
| closure | n | enclosure, means of enclosing | AHD/W7 | |
| clove | n | dried flower bud of tropical tree | AHD/W7 | |
| cloze | adj | re: reading test where subject supplies missing words | AHD | |
| conclave | n | private/secret meeting/assembly | AHD/W7 | |
| conclude | vb | to enclose, shut up | AHD/W7 | |
| eclosion | n | hatching from egg, emerging from pupal case | AHD/W7 | |
| enclave | n | culturally/territorially distinct unit inside foreign territory | AHD/W7 | |
| exclude | vb.trans | to shut out | AHD/W7 | |
| include | vb.trans | to enclose, shut up | AHD/W7 | |
| kevel | n | sturdy belaying pin | AHD | |
| occlude | vb | to obstruct, stop up | AHD/W7 | |
| ophicleide | n | brass wind instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| preclude | vb.trans | to close | AHD/W7 | |
| recluse | adj | solitary, withdrawn from society | AHD/W7 | |
| seclude | vb.trans | to keep away, confine in retired/inaccessible place | AHD/W7 | |
| sluice | n | water gate, valved conduit | TLL | |
| sternocleidomastoid | n | neck muscle that rotates head | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | sleutel | n | key | TLL |
| slot | n | castle | TLL | |
| Old High German: | sliozan | vb | to close | W7 |
| sloz | n | lock, bolt | KDW | |
| sluzzil | n | key | KDW | |
| German: | Klavier | n.neut | clavier, piano | W7 |
| Schloss | n | lock; castle | TLL | |
| Schlüssel | n | key | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hlutr | n.masc | part, piece, thing | LRC |
| Danish: | slot | n | castle | TLL |
| Swedish: | slott | n | castle | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | chorda | n.fem | string | W7 |
| clathri | n.masc.pl | lattices | W7 | |
| claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus | vb | to close | W7 | |
| claustrum | n.neut | bar, bolt | W7 | |
| clausula | n.fem | end, conclusion, end of period in rhetoric | W7 | |
| clava | n.fem | club | W7 | |
| clavicula | n.fem | little key, clavicle | W7 | |
| clavis | n.fem | key | W7 | |
| clavus | n.masc | nail, knot in wood | W7 | |
| concludo, concludere | vb | to shut up, end, infer | W7 | |
| excludo, excludere | vb | to exclude, shut out | W7 | |
| includo, includere | vb | to shut in | W7 | |
| occludo, occludere | vb | to close | W7 | |
| praecludo, praecludere | vb | to shut in | W7 | |
| secludo, secludere | vb | to separate, seclude | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | inclavo, inclavare | vb | to lock up | W7 |
| Late Latin: | recludo, recludere, reclusi, reclusus | vb | to shut up | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | clausa | n.fem | close of rhetorical period | W7 |
| claustrum | n.neut | cloister | W7 | |
| clavichordium | n.neut | clavichord | W7 | |
| New Latin: | clavatus | vb.ptc | nailed in wood | W7 |
| Portuguese: | chave | n | key | TLL |
| claustro | n | cloister | TLL | |
| Spanish: | claustro | n | cloister | TLL |
| esclusa | n | canal lock | TLL | |
| llave | n | key | TLL | |
| Old French: | clause | n.fem | clause | W7 |
| clavier | n.masc | key bearer | W7 | |
| cloistre | n.masc | cloister | W7 | |
| clore, clos | vb | to close | W7 | |
| reclus | adj | shut up | W7 | |
| Middle French: | clos | n.masc | enclosure | W7 |
| closet | n.masc | closet | W7 | |
| closure | n.fem | fence | W7 | |
| conclave | n.masc | conclave, enclosed reunion | W7 | |
| enclave | n.fem | enclave, enclosed space | W7 | |
| enclaver | vb | to enclose | W7 | |
| French: | clavicule | n.fem | clavicle | W7 |
| clavier | n.masc | keyboard | W7 | |
| clef | n.fem | key | W7 | |
| cloisonner | vb | to partition, fence in | W7 | |
| cloître | n | cloister | TLL | |
| clôture | n.fem | fence | W7 | |
| éclosion | n.fem | eclosion | W7 | |
| écluse | n | canal lock | TLL | |
| enclave | n.fem | enclave, enclosed area | W7 | |
| ophicléide | adj | re: genus of snake | W7 | |
| Italian: | chiave | n | key | TLL |
| chiostro | n | cloister | TLL | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | kleiein | vb | to close | W7 |
| kleis, kleidos | n.fem | key; collarbone | W7 | |
| klēithron | n.neut | bar | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |