Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: klēu-, also klĕu-?, and klāu-   'hook, crook'

Semantic Field(s): Hook, Crook

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Middle English: clause n clause W7
cloistre n cloister W7
clos adj/n close W7
closen vb to close W7
closet n closet W7
closure n closure W7
clowe n clove W7
conclave n conclave W7
concluden vb to conclude W7
excluden vb to exclude W7
includen vb to include W7
recluse n recluse W7
secluden vb to seclude W7
English: clafouti(s) n French baked-fruit dessert AHD
clathrate adj resembling a lattice AHD/W7
clause n separate section of discourse/writing AHD/W7
claustrophobia n abnormal fear of closed/narrow spaces W7
clavate adj claviform, gradually thickening near distal end AHD/W7
clavichord n early keyboard instrument AHD/W7
clavicle n bone of vertebrate shoulder girdle linking scapula/sternum AHD/W7
clavier n keyboard of musical instrument AHD/W7
claviform adj club-shaped AHD/W7
clef n sign at beginning of musical staff AHD/W7
cleistogamous adj re: flower self-pollinated in bud AHD
cleistothecium n closed spherical ascocarp AHD
cloisonne n multicolored enamel/metal decoration AHD/W7
cloister n monastic establishment AHD/W7
close adj closed, having no openings AHD/W7
close n enclosed area AHD/W7
close vb to move to bar access/passage AHD/W7
closet n apartment/small room for privacy AHD/W7
closure n enclosure, means of enclosing AHD/W7
clove n dried flower bud of tropical tree AHD/W7
cloze adj re: reading test where subject supplies missing words AHD
conclave n private/secret meeting/assembly AHD/W7
conclude vb to enclose, shut up AHD/W7
eclosion n hatching from egg, emerging from pupal case AHD/W7
enclave n culturally/territorially distinct unit inside foreign territory AHD/W7
exclude vb.trans to shut out AHD/W7
include vb.trans to enclose, shut up AHD/W7
kevel n sturdy belaying pin AHD
occlude vb to obstruct, stop up AHD/W7
ophicleide n brass wind instrument AHD/W7
preclude vb.trans to close AHD/W7
recluse adj solitary, withdrawn from society AHD/W7
seclude vb.trans to keep away, confine in retired/inaccessible place AHD/W7
sluice n water gate, valved conduit TLL
sternocleidomastoid n neck muscle that rotates head AHD
West Germanic  
Dutch: sleutel n key TLL
slot n castle TLL
Old High German: sliozan vb to close W7
sloz n lock, bolt KDW
sluzzil n key KDW
German: Klavier n.neut clavier, piano W7
Schloss n lock; castle TLL
Schlüssel n key TLL
North Germanic  
Old Norse: hlutr n.masc part, piece, thing LRC
Danish: slot n castle TLL
Swedish: slott n castle TLL
Italic  
Latin: chorda n.fem string W7
clathri n.masc.pl lattices W7
claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus vb to close W7
claustrum n.neut bar, bolt W7
clausula n.fem end, conclusion, end of period in rhetoric W7
clava n.fem club W7
clavicula n.fem little key, clavicle W7
clavis n.fem key W7
clavus n.masc nail, knot in wood W7
concludo, concludere vb to shut up, end, infer W7
excludo, excludere vb to exclude, shut out W7
includo, includere vb to shut in W7
occludo, occludere vb to close W7
praecludo, praecludere vb to shut in W7
secludo, secludere vb to separate, seclude W7
Vulgar Latin: inclavo, inclavare vb to lock up W7
Late Latin: recludo, recludere, reclusi, reclusus vb to shut up W7
Medieval Latin: clausa n.fem close of rhetorical period W7
claustrum n.neut cloister W7
clavichordium n.neut clavichord W7
New Latin: clavatus vb.ptc nailed in wood W7
Portuguese: chave n key TLL
claustro n cloister TLL
Spanish: claustro n cloister TLL
esclusa n canal lock TLL
llave n key TLL
Old French: clause n.fem clause W7
clavier n.masc key bearer W7
cloistre n.masc cloister W7
clore, clos vb to close W7
reclus adj shut up W7
Middle French: clos n.masc enclosure W7
closet n.masc closet W7
closure n.fem fence W7
conclave n.masc conclave, enclosed reunion W7
enclave n.fem enclave, enclosed space W7
enclaver vb to enclose W7
French: clavicule n.fem clavicle W7
clavier n.masc keyboard W7
clef n.fem key W7
cloisonner vb to partition, fence in W7
cloître n cloister TLL
clôture n.fem fence W7
éclosion n.fem eclosion W7
écluse n canal lock TLL
enclave n.fem enclave, enclosed area W7
ophicléide adj re: genus of snake W7
Italian: chiave n key TLL
chiostro n cloister TLL
Hellenic  
Greek: kleiein vb to close W7
kleis, kleidos n.fem key; collarbone W7
klēithron n.neut bar W7

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pl=plural (number)
ptc=participle
trans=transitive
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
KDW=Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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