Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ku̯elp- 'to curve, vault'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hwealf | n.fem | vault | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | goulf | n | gulf | W7 |
| whelmen | vb | to whelm | W7 | |
| English: | colpitis | n | vaginitis: inflammation of vagina | AHD/CDC |
| colposcope | n | endoscope for examining vaginal/cervical tissues | AHD | |
| colposcopy | n | medical examination using colposcope | AHD | |
| gulf | n | part of sea/ocean extending into land | AHD/W7 | |
| whelm | vb | to turn over, cover/engulf completely | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | walbo | n | vault | W7 |
| German: | Gewölbe | n.neut | vault | LRC |
| Golf | n.masc | gulf | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | hválf | n.neut | vault; concavity of shield | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | culcita | n | cushion | LRC |
| Late Latin: | colpus | n.masc | gulf; bosom | W7 |
| Middle French: | golfe | n.masc | gulf | W7 |
| Italian: | golfo | n.masc | gulf, bay | CID/W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | κόλπος | n.masc | bosom | LS |
| Greek: | κόλπος | n.masc | womb, vagina; hollow | LS |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | kūrcá | n | bale, bushel | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
