Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ku̯ēt-, ku̯ət- : kū̆t- 'to shake, winnow'
Semantic Field(s): to Shake
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | discussen | vb | to discuss | W7 |
paste | n | paste | W7 | |
rescuen | vb | to rescue | W7 | |
English: | cascara | n | buckthorn | AHD/W7 |
cask | n | barrel-shaped vessel (for liquids) | AHD/W7 | |
concuss | vb.trans | to affect with concussion | AHD/W7 | |
discuss | vb.trans | to dispel | AHD/W7 | |
pasta | n | paste in fresh/processed form (e.g. ravioli/spaghetti) | AHD/W7 | |
paste | n | dough containing significant proportion of fat | AHD/W7 | |
pastel | n | paste of ground color | AHD/W7 | |
pastis | n | French licorice-flavored liqueur | AHD | |
pastry | n | (sweet) baked dough/paste | AHD | |
pâte | n | paste/plastic material for pottery/porcelain | AHD/W7 | |
pâté | n | meat/fish pie/patty | AHD/W7 | |
patisserie | n | French pastry shop/bakery | AHD | |
patty | n | little pie | AHD/W7 | |
percuss | vb.trans | to tap sharply | AHD/W7 | |
rescue | vb.trans | to deliver, save, free from evil/danger/confinement | AHD/W7 | |
scutch | vb.trans | to beat (flax/hemp) to separate woody fiber | AHD/W7 | |
soukous | n | rumba-like W African dance music | AHD | |
squash | vb | to crush, press/beat into pulp/flat mass | AHD/W7 | |
succussion | n | state/action/process of shaking/being shaken | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
German: | Pasta | n.fem | pasta | LRC |
Pastell | n.neut | pastel | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Danish: | kasket | n | cap, hat | TLL |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | concussus | vb.ptc | shocked, shaken | W7 |
discutio, discutere, discussi, discussus | vb | to shatter, disperse | W7 | |
excutio, excutere | vb | to shake out | W7 | |
executo, executere | vb | to beat out | W7 | |
percussus | vb.ptc | struck | W7 | |
quassō, quassāre | vb.freq | to shake violently | W7 | |
quatiō, quatere | vb | to shake, strike | W7 | |
succussio, succussionis | n.fem | running to help | W7 | |
succutio, succutere, succussi, sucussus | vb | to fling up | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | excutico, excuticāre | vb | to beat out | W7 |
exquasso, exquassāre | vb | to shake | W7 | |
quassico, quassicare | vb | to shake, break | W7 | |
Late Latin: | pasta | n.fem | dough, flour paste | W7 |
pastellus | n.masc.dim | woad (European herb) | W7 | |
Spanish: | cascar | vb | to break | W7 |
cáscara | n.fem | bark | W7 | |
casco | n.masc | skull, helmet, potsherd | W7 | |
Old French: | escourre | vb | to shake out | W7 |
paste | n.fem | paste, dough | W7 | |
pasté | n.fem | meat pie | W7 | |
rescourre | vb | to free, save, rescue | W7 | |
Middle French: | casque | n.masc | helmet | W7 |
esquasser | vb | to shake | W7 | |
paste | n.fem | paste, dough | W7 | |
rescourre | n.fem | rescue | W7 | |
French: | casquette | n.fem.dim | cap, hat, lit. small helmet | LRC |
pastel | adj | soft colors | W7 | |
pâte | n.fem | paste, dough | W7 | |
pâté | n.masc | pie (with meat fillings) | W7 | |
pâtisserie | n.fem | pastry, patisserie | LRC | |
Italian: | pasta | n.fem | dough, paste, pasta | W7 |
pastèllo | n.masc | pastel, colored crayon | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |