Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ku̯ē̆d-, ku̯ō̆d- 'to bore, drill, prick, stab'
Semantic Field(s): to Bore, to Press, Knife (tool)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hwæs(s) | adj | sharp, prickly | ASD/RPN |
| hwæt | adj | quick, active, bold | RPN | |
| hwettan | vb.wk | to whet; to incite | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle English: | whetten | vb | to whet | W7 |
| English: | triquetrous | adj | triangular, having three acute angles | AHD/W7 |
| triquetrum | n | wedge-shaped carpal bone | AHD | |
| whet | vb.trans | to sharpen by rubbing against something | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | wetten | vb | to sharpen | RPN |
| Old Saxon: | hwat | adj | quick, active, bold | ASD |
| Old High German: | (h)waz | adj | sharp, rough, severe | RPN |
| wezzan, wezzen | vb | to sharpen, whet | RPN | |
| German: | wetzen | vb | to whet | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hvass | adj | sharp, prickly | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | hvetja | vb | to whet, sharpen | RPN |
| Icelandic: | hvass | adj | sharp | ASD |
| hvatr | adj | quick, active, bold | ASD | |
| hvetja | vb | to whet, incite | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-ƕatjan | vb | to sharpen; to incite, entice | RPN |
| hwass-aba | adv | sharply | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | triquetrus | adj | triquetrous, three-cornered | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| n | = | noun |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
