Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. ku̯ei(-t)- 'to observe with respect, pay attention to'
Semantic Field(s): to Look, to Listen, Harken
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | cin | n | fault, liability | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | *pīn | n.fem | pine, anguish, punishment | ASD/W7 |
| pīnian | vb.wk | to pine, torture | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | pain | n | pain | W7 |
| penal | adj | penal | W7 | |
| pinen | vb | to pine | W7 | |
| punisshen | vb | to punish | W7 | |
| suppena | n | subpoena | W7 | |
| English: | impunity | n | freedom/exemption from loss/harm/punishment | AHD/W7 |
| pain | n | punishment | AHD/W7 | |
| penal | adj | re: penalty/punishment/punitive institution | AHD/W7 | |
| penalty | n | punishment for crime/offense | AHD/W7 | |
| penance | n | compensation for ill deed(s) | TLL | |
| penitence | n | remorse | TLL | |
| penology | n | criminology branch dealing with prison management/treatment of offenders | AHD/W7 | |
| pine | n.obs | torture, torment, suffering | OED | |
| pine | vb.obs | to torment, afflict with pain/suffering | OED | |
| punish | vb | to impose penalty for fault/offense/violation | AHD/W7 | |
| punitive | adj | punishing, re: punishment | AHD | |
| punitory | adj | inflicting punishment | AHD | |
| repine | vb | to fret, complain, feel/express discontent | AHD | |
| subpoena | n | writ commanding attendance at court | AHD/W7 | |
| timocracy | n | government based on wealth/love of honor | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | pijn | n | pain | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Danish: | pine | n/vb | pine; to pine, torture | LRC |
| Swedish: | pina | n | pain | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | impūne | adv | without punishment | W7 |
| impūnitas, impūnitatis | n.fem | impunity, lit. no punishment | W7 | |
| paenitentia | n | penitence, repentance | ELD | |
| poena, poenae | n.fem | pain, penalty, punishment | LRC | |
| poenalis | adj | penal | W7 | |
| pūnio, pūnīre | vb | to punish | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | poenalitas | n.fem | penalty | W7 |
| timocratia | n.fem | timocracy | W7 | |
| Old French: | peine | n | payment, penalty | W7 |
| Middle French: | impunité | n.fem | impunity | W7 |
| pénal | adj | penal, of penalty | W7 | |
| punir, puniss- | vb | to punish | W7 | |
| tymocracie | n.fem | timocracy, rule of the wealthy | W7 | |
| French: | punir | vb | to punish | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | káina | n | cost, price | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | pokazati, pokazajǫ, pokazaješi | vb | to show, instruct, correct, chasten | LRC |
| cěna | n | reward | RPN | |
| čьstь | n.fem | rank, honor, reverence; feast, device, pattern | LRC | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | kohë | n | time | IEW |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀτιμάζω | vb | to dishonor | LRC |
| pitys | n.fem | pine | W7 | |
| ποινή | n | retribution, penalty | RPN | |
| timē | n.fem | price, value, honor | W7 | |
| timokratia | n.fem | timocracy | W7 | |
| τίνω | vb | to atone for, pay the price | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | čikayat̰ | vb | to atone for | RPN |
| kaēnā | n | punishment, revenge | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | cáyate | vb | to avenge, punish | RPN |
| citi-ḥ | n | retaliation | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
