Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ku̯ei̯ə-, ku̯ii̯ē- 'to rest comfortably; quiet, peaceful, tranquil'
Semantic Field(s): Quiet (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hwīl | n.fem | while, time | LRC |
| Middle English: | aquiten | vb | to acquit | W7 |
| coy | adj | coy | W7 | |
| quiet | adj/n | quiet | W7 | |
| quit(e) | adj | quit, released | W7 | |
| quit(t)en | vb | to quit | W7 | |
| requiem | n | requiem | W7 | |
| while | n | while | W7 | |
| whiles | conj | whiles | W7 | |
| whilom | adv | whilom | W7 | |
| English: | acquiesce | vb.intrans | to accept/comply tacitly/passively | AHD/W7 |
| acquit | vb.wk.trans | to pay off (e.g. claim/debt) | AHD/W7 | |
| coy | adj | shy, bashful | AHD/W7 | |
| quiet | adj | calm, marked by little/no motion/activity | AHD/W7 | |
| quiet | n | tranquility | AHD/W7 | |
| quit, quit | vb | to release, relieve, set free | AHD/W7 | |
| quit | adj | absolved, released from charge/penalty/obligation | AHD/W7 | |
| quitclaim | n | transfer of claim/right/title | AHD | |
| quite | adv | wholly, completely | AHD/W7 | |
| quitrent | n | rent paid in lieu of required services | AHD | |
| requiem | n | mass for repose of departed soul(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| requiescat | n | prayer for repose of dead person | AHD/W7 | |
| tranquil | adj | serene, free from agitation | AHD/W7 | |
| while | n | (period of) time | AHD/W7 | |
| whiles | conj.arch | while | W7 | |
| whilom | adv | formerly | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hwīle | n | while | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | hwīla | n | while | ASD |
| Old High German: | hwīla | n | time | W7 |
| German: | weil | conj | because | TLL |
| Weile | n | while | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hvílð | n.fem | rest, pause | LRC |
| Icelandic: | hvíla | n | bed; rest | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hweila | n | while | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | acquiesco, acquiescere | vb | to be silent, satisfied | W7 |
| quies, quietis | n.fem | rest, quiet | W7 | |
| quiesco, quiescere, quievi, quietus | vb | to rest, be quiet | W7 | |
| quietus | adj | quiet, at rest | W7 | |
| requies | n.fem | rest | W7 | |
| requiesco, requiescere | vb | to rest | W7 | |
| tranquillus | adj | calm, tranquil | W7 | |
| Old French: | aquiter | vb | to acquit | W7 |
| quite | adj | free of debt, released, at rest | W7 | |
| quitter | vb | to leave | W7 | |
| Middle French: | coi | adj | calm | W7 |
| quiet | adj | silent, tranquil | W7 | |
| quit(t)er | vb | to leave | W7 | |
| French: | acquiescer | vb | to approve, acknowledge | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| n | = | noun |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
