Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. ku̯el-, ku̯elə- 'to turn; wheel; neck?'
Semantic Field(s): to Turn, Wheel, Neck
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | cul | n | wagon | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | healsbeorg, healsbeorh | n.fem | neck armor | ASD/W7 |
| hweogol, hwēol | n.neut | wheel | ASD/W7 | |
| hweogul, hweowol, hweohl | n.neut | wheel | ASD | |
| Middle English: | coler | n | collar | W7 |
| colonie | n | colony | W7 | |
| epicicle | n | epicycle | W7 | |
| halse | n | hawse | W7 | |
| haubergeoun | n | habergeon | W7 | |
| hauberk | n | hauberk | W7 | |
| pool | n | pole | W7 | |
| pouley | n | pulley | W7 | |
| wheel | n | wheel | W7 | |
| English: | accolade | n | ceremonial embrace | AHD/W7 |
| ancillary | adj | auxiliary, subordinate | AHD | |
| aviculture | n | raising/care of birds, esp. wild birds in captivity | AHD/W7 | |
| bicycle | n | vehicle with 2 wheels in tandem | AHD/W7 | |
| bucolic | adj | pastoral, re: shepherds/herdsmen | AHD/W7 | |
| calash | n | light 4-passenger carriage with small wheels | AHD/W7 | |
| cha(c)kra | n | center of spiritual energy (yoga philosophy) | AHD | |
| chark(h)a | n | spinning wheel for cotton | AHD/W7 | |
| chukker | n | playing period of polo game | AHD/W7 | |
| col | n | pass in mountain range | AHD/W7 | |
| collar | n | band/strip/chain worn around neck | AHD/W7 | |
| collet | n | metal band/collar/ferrule/flange | AHD/W7 | |
| colony | n | people living in new territory (retaining ties with parent state) | AHD/W7 | |
| -colous | adj.sfx | living/growing in/on | AHD/W7 | |
| cullet | n | broken/refuse glass used to facilitate melting in glass-making | AHD/W7 | |
| cult | n | worship, formal religious veneration | AHD/W7 | |
| cultivate | vb.trans | to till, prepare and use for crop raising | AHD/W7 | |
| culture | n | tillage, cultivation | AHD/W7 | |
| cycle | n | time interval during which sequence of events is completed | AHD/W7 | |
| cycloid | n | curve generated by point on circumference of circle rolling along straight line | AHD/W7 | |
| cyclone | n | wind/storm system rotating around area of low atmospheric pressure | AHD/W7 | |
| cyclorama | n | large pictorial representation encircling spectator | W7 | |
| cyclosis | n | streaming of protoplasm within cell | AHD/W7 | |
| decollate | vb.trans | to behead | AHD/W7 | |
| decollete | adj | re: strapless/low-necked dress | AHD/W7 | |
| encyclical | adj | general, addressed to all individuals in group | AHD/W7 | |
| epicycle | n | path in which planet moves among stars | AHD/W7 | |
| habergeon | n | medieval mail jacket (shorter than hauberk) | AHD/W7 | |
| hauberk | n | tunic of chain mail | AHD/W7 | |
| hawse | n | hole for cable in bow of ship | AHD/W7 | |
| hemicycle | n | semi-circular legislative debate chamber | TLL | |
| incult | adj | wild, untilled | AHD/W7 | |
| inquiline | n | animal living habitually in nest/abode of another species | AHD/W7 | |
| kolache, kolacky | n | sweet bread bun with fruit filling | AHD | |
| Kultur | prop.n | culture, civilization | AHD | |
| machicolate | vb.trans | to provide/furnish machicolation | AHD | |
| machicolation | n | openings for firing upon assailants | AHD/W7 | |
| mariculture | n | cultivation of marine organisms | AHD | |
| palingenesis | n | metempsychosis | AHD/W7 | |
| palinode | n | ode/song of recant/retraction | AHD/W7 | |
| pole | n | extremity of axis of sphere (esp. earth's axis) | AHD/W7 | |
| pratincole | n | limicoline bird | AHD/W7 | |
| pulley | n | sheave/small wheel with grooved rim for rope/cable | AHD/W7 | |
| ringhals | n | spitting cobra | AHD | |
| saxicolous | adj | inhabiting/growing among rocks | AHD/W7 | |
| silvicolous | adj | living in woodlands | AHD/W7 | |
| talisman | n | object marked to confer supernatural power/protection | AHD | |
| teleutospore | n | teliospore | AHD/W7 | |
| telic | adj | purposive, tending toward end | AHD/W7 | |
| teliospore | n | final stage in life cycle of rust fungus | W7 | |
| telium | n | teliospore-containing sorus/pustule on host plant of rust fungus | AHD/W7 | |
| telos | n | end of goal-oriented process | AHD | |
| torticollis | n | twisting of neck resulting in abnormal carriage of head | AHD/W7 | |
| tricycle | n | 3-wheeled vehicle | LRC | |
| wheel | n | hard circular frame that rotates on axle | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | hals | n | neck | AHD |
| Dutch: | wiel | n | wheel | RPN |
| Middle Low German: | wēl | n | wheel | RPN |
| Old High German: | hals | n | neck | W7 |
| hals-pirc, hals-perg | n | gorget, neck armor | ASD | |
| German: | Hals | n.masc | neck | LRC |
| Kalesche | n.fem | calash | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hals | n | neck, hawse | W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | hjól | n | wheel | RPN |
| hvél | n | wheel | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | hāls-björg | n | gorget | ASD |
| hvel, hjól | n | wheel | ASD | |
| Danish: | cykle | n | bicycle | TLL |
| hals | n | neck | TLL | |
| hjul | n | wheel | ASD | |
| Swedish: | cykel | n | bicycle | TLL |
| hals | n | neck | TLL | |
| hjul | n | wheel | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hals | n | neck | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | ancilla | n.dim.fem | handmaid, maid-servant | AHD/ELD |
| anculus | n.masc | servant | AHD | |
| aviscultura | n | aviculture | CDC | |
| bucolicus | adj | bucolic | W7 | |
| -cola | n.sfx | inhabitant | W7 | |
| collum | n.neut | neck | W7 | |
| colō, colere, coluī, cultum | vb | to till, inhabit, cultivate | RPN | |
| colonia | n.fem | colony | W7 | |
| colonus, coloni | n.masc | farmer, settler | LRC | |
| colus | n | distaff | RPN | |
| decollo, decollare, decollavi, decollatus | vb | to behead | W7 | |
| incola | n.masc | inhabitant | W7 | |
| incultus | adj | unrefined, not cultivated | W7 | |
| inquilinus | n.masc | tenant, lodger | W7 | |
| polus | n.masc | pole, stake | W7 | |
| silvicola | n.fem | inhabitant of a wood | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | accolo, accollāre | vb | to be a neighbor | W7 |
| Late Latin: | cyclus | n.masc | circle | W7 |
| encyclicus | adj | circular, general | W7 | |
| epicyclus | n.masc | epicycle | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | cultivo, cultivare, cultivavi, cultivatus | vb | to cultivate | W7 |
| cultivus | adj | cultivable | W7 | |
| machicolo, machicolare, machicolavi, machicolatus | vb | to furnish with machicolations | W7 | |
| New Latin: | cyclosis | n.fem | streaming of protoplasm within cell | W7 |
| palingenesis | n.fem | second birth, in same/different body | W7 | |
| telium | n.neut | telium | W7 | |
| torticollis | n.masc | stiffness in neck | W7 | |
| Old French: | col | n.masc | collar, neck | W7 |
| coler | n.masc | collar | W7 | |
| colet | n.masc | collar | W7 | |
| machicoleis | n.masc | machicolation | W7 | |
| machicoller | vb | to machicolate | W7 | |
| Middle French: | col | n.masc | collar, neck | W7 |
| collet | n.masc | collar, trap | W7 | |
| colonie | n.fem | colony | W7 | |
| hauberc | n.masc | hauberk | W7 | |
| haubergeon | n.masc.dim | habergeon | W7 | |
| poulie | n.fem | pulley | W7 | |
| French: | accolade | n.fem | embrace | W7 |
| accoler | vb | to embrace, stick with | W7 | |
| bicycle | n.masc | bicycle | W7 | |
| bicyclette | n.fem | bicycle | W7 | |
| calèche | n.fem | carriage | W7 | |
| col | n.masc | collar, col (of mountain) | W7 | |
| collet | n.masc | collar | W7 | |
| cueillette | n.fem | act of gathering | W7 | |
| culte | n.masc | cult | W7 | |
| -cycle | sfx | re: presence of wheels in device | W7 | |
| cycle | n.masc | cycle | W7 | |
| cycloïde | adj | cycloid, shaped like a circle | W7 | |
| décolleté | n.masc | neckline | W7 | |
| décolleter | vb | to give low neckline to dress/shirt | W7 | |
| tricycle | n.masc | tricycle | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kãklas | n | neck | RPN |
| Latvian: | celis | n | knee | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Czech: | kolače | n.pl | kolache, wheel-shaped cake | AHD |
| kolesa | n.pl | wheels, carriage | W7 | |
| Old Church Slavonic: | kolač | n | wheel | AHD |
| koleno | n | knee | LRC | |
| kolo | n | wheel | RPN | |
| Russian: | koleso | n | wheel | RPN |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | kulturor | adj | cultural, re: enlightenment | LRC |
| sjell | vb | to turn | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πέλομαι | vb | to be; to move? | RPN |
| πέλω | vb | to be; to move? | RPN | |
| Greek: | ἀνατέλλω | vb | to rise | LRC |
| boukolikos | adj | pastoral | W7 | |
| boukolos | n.masc | cowherd | W7 | |
| enkyklios | adj | circular, general | W7 | |
| ἐντέλλω | vb | to command | LRC | |
| epikyklos | adj | coming around | W7 | |
| ἐχανατέλλω | vb | to spring up | LRC | |
| -kolos | afx | herd | W7 | |
| kykloeidēs | adj | circular | W7 | |
| κύκλος | adj/n.masc | round; ring, wheel, circle | RPN | |
| kykloun | vb | to go around | W7 | |
| κύκλῳ | adv | around, in a ring/circle | RPN | |
| kyklōma | n.neut | wheel, coil | W7 | |
| kyklōsis | n.fem | encirclement | W7 | |
| πάλιν | adv | anew, again | LRC | |
| palinōidia | n.fem | palinode | W7 | |
| πολεύω | vb | to turn about, go about | RPN | |
| πολέω | vb | to revolve, go about, range over; turn up soil with plow | RPN | |
| πόλος | n.masc | pole, axis; hinge, pivot | RPN | |
| συντελέω | vb | to complete | LRC | |
| τέλειον | n.neut | fulfilled, perfect | LRC | |
| τέλειος | adj | complete, finished, at an end | RPN | |
| τελείω | vb | to fulfill, complete | LRC | |
| τελευταῖος | adj | last | RPN | |
| τελευτάω | vb | to complete, finish, achieve | RPN | |
| τελευτέω | vb | to die, finish | LRC | |
| τελευτή | n.fem | end, completion | RPN | |
| τελέως | adv | at last | RPN | |
| τελήεις | adj | perfect, complete | RPN | |
| τέλος | n.neut | end, fulfillment, completion | RPN | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | sjel | vb | to turn around | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | carāiti | vb | to go, move | RPN |
| caxra- | n | wheel | RPN | |
| karšu | n | furrow | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | cakrá-ḥ | n | wheel | RPN |
| calati, cárati | vb | to move, walk, wander | RPN | |
| Pali: | cakka- | n | wheel | RPN |
| Hindi: | cakkar | n | circular course | W7 |
| carkha | n | charkha | W7 | |
| cāk | n | millstone, kind of wheel | RPN | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | klautk- | vb | to turn, become | RPN |
| klutk- | vb | to turn | RPN | |
| kokale | n | cart, wagon, chariot | RPN | |
| Tocharian A: | kukäl | n | cart, wagon, chariot | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| afx | = | affix |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
