Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ku̯el- 'far away'
Semantic Field(s): Far (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | pell | adj | far | RPN |
| English | ||||
| English: | pal(a)eo- | pfx | old, ancient | TLL |
| pal(a)eolithic | adj | re: Old Stone Age | TLL | |
| tele- | pfx | distant, over a distance | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | tele- | pfx | tele- | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| New Latin: | tele- | pfx | far, away | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | πάλαι | adv | long ago | RPN |
| παλαιός | adj | old, ancient | LRC | |
| τῆλε | adv | far off, far away | RPN | |
| τηλοῦ | adv | far off, far away | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | caramá-ḥ | adj.sup | outermost, last, ultimate | RPN |
| cirá-ḥ | adj | long, lasting a long time | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| sup | = | superlative |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
