Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ku̯enth- 'to suffer, endure'
Semantic Field(s): Pain, Suffering
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| English: | allelopathy | n | plant toxin release slowing other plant growth | AHD |
| apathy | n | impassiveness, lack of feeling/emotion | AHD/W7 | |
| idiopathy | n | idiopathic disease/anomaly | AHD/W7 | |
| naprapathy | n | treatment of disease by joint/muscle/ligament manipulation | AHD | |
| nepenthe | n | potion used to dull pain/sorrow | AHD/W7 | |
| pathetic | adj | pitiable, evoking pity/sorrow/tenderness | AHD/W7 | |
| pathos | n | (experience/artistic representation evoking) pity/compassion | AHD/W7 | |
| -pathy | n.sfx | feeling, suffering | AHD/W7 | |
| sympathy | n | similar effect (on another) | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | -pathie | sfx | -pathy | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | nepenthes | n.neut | plant that banishes pain | W7 |
| -pathia | sfx | bearing, suffering | W7 | |
| sympathia | n.fem | sympathy | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | patheticus | adj | pathetic, able to feel | W7 |
| Middle French: | pathétique | adj | derisory, melodramatic | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kančià | n.fem | agony, suffering | LRC |
| kesti | vb | to suffer | LD/W7 | |
| kėsti, kẽčia, kėtė | vb | to reach | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | apatheia | adj | apathy | W7 |
| apathēs | adj | without feeling | W7 | |
| idiopatheia | adj | idiopathy, particular affection | W7 | |
| nēpenthes | n.neut | plant that banishes pain | W7 | |
| nēpenthēs | adj | banishing pain and sorrow | W7 | |
| -patheia | sfx | suffering, affection | W7 | |
| -pathēs | sfx | suffering | W7 | |
| pathētikos | adj | pathetic, capable of feeling | W7 | |
| pathos | n.neut | suffering, experience | W7 | |
| πάσχω | vb | to suffer, experience | LRC | |
| πενθέω | vb | to mourn, lament, bewail | LRC | |
| penthos | n.neut | grief, sorrow | W7 | |
| sympatheia | n.fem | sympathy | W7 | |
| sympathēs | adj | sympathetic, having common feelings | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LD | = | Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
