Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. ku̯er- 'to do, make, form'
Semantic Field(s): to Do, Make, to Mold, Form
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| English: | karma | n | force generated by person's actions thought to perpetuate transmigration (Hinduism/Buddhism) | AHD/W7 |
| peloria | n | abnormal regularity of structure (in normally irregular flowers) | AHD/W7 | |
| Prakrit | prop.n | broad family of ancient Indic languages/dialects | LRC | |
| Sanskrit | prop.n | classical language of ancient India, evolved to modern times | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Karma | n.neut | karma | LRC |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kuriù, kùrti | vb | to make, build, create | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | pelōr | n.neut | monster | W7 |
| pelōros | adj | monstrous | W7 | |
| teras | n.neut | marvel, monster | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | kar- | vb | to do, make, build | RPN |
| Avestan: | kərənaoiti | vb | to do, make | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | kará-ḥ | vb.ptc | doing, making | RPN |
| karóti | vb | to do, make, build | RPN | |
| kárman- | n | act, deed, work | RPN | |
| kṛṇóti | vb | to do, make, build | RPN | |
| kṛtá-ḥ | vb.ptc | done, made, prepared | RPN | |
| kṛtyā́ | n | act, action, deed | RPN | |
| prākṛta | adj | natural, vulgar | W7 | |
| saṁskṛta | n | Sanskrit (ancient Indic language), lit. perfected | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
